Basic concepts

Question 1

ICAO’s eight core competencies are:

Answer 1

Application of procedures
Communication
Flight path management with automation
Manual flight path management
Leadership&teamwork
Problem solving and decision making
Situation awareness
Workload management

Question 2

What is ‘competency’?

Answer 2

Knowledge, Skills, Attitudes

Question 3

What are KSAs

Answer 3

The abilities and characteristics that enable a job holder to accomplish the activities described in a task statement that describes what the job holder does

Question 4

What are the 3 elements of TEM?

Answer 4

Threats - Exist
Errors - Are made

They resulting in:
Undesired Aircraft States

Question 5

What is a threat?
What can they be subdivided into (5)

Answer 5

External events that occur beyond the influence of the flight crew

Anticipated
Unexpected
Latent
Environmental
Organisational

Question 6

thunderstorms, traffic

are examples of what category of threat?

Answer 6

TEM Threat - Anticipated

Question 7

malfunction

are examples of what category of threat?

Answer 7

TEM Threat - Unexpected

Question 8

rostering, ergonomics, understaffing

are examples of what category of threat?

Answer 8

TEM Threat - Latent

Question 9

Operational pressure, cabin design, maintenance, dispatch, documentation​

are examples of what category of threat?

Answer 9

TEM Organizational threat

Question 10

Weather, terrain, airport conditions, ATC…​

Answer 10

TEM Environmental threat

Question 11

Define: TEM
“Error”

Answer 11

Action or inaction by the crew that leads to deviations from organisational or flight crew intentions or expectations​

Question 12

Define: TEM Procedural Error

Answer 12

Poor interation between Pilot and procedure

Question 13

Example: TEM Procedural Error

Answer 13

Violation of checklist or SOP

Question 14

Define: T E M – Communication Error

Answer 14

Caused by the interaction between the Pilot and other people

Question 15

Example:
T E M
Communication Error

Answer 15

ATC, Ground Crew, Marshaller, Cabin Crew, other Pilot

Question 16

Define:
T E M
Aircraft Handling Error​

Answer 16

Caused by interactions between the Pilot(s) and the aircraft through the application of controls

Question 17

Example:
T E M
Aircraft Handling Error​

Answer 17

During the descent of AF447, both Pilots made simultaneous and contradictory inputs without realizing what they were doing

Question 18

Define x3:
Undesired Aircraft State

Answer 18

Aircraft handling
Ground navigation
incorrect aircraft configuration

Question 19

Define:
An undesired state

Answer 19

A situation where safety margins are reduced.

Question 20

Flight crew MUST employ counter measures in order to keep…

Answer 20

threats, errors and undesired aircraft states from reducing safety margins in flight operations​

Question 21

ACAS / TCAS
GPWS
Stick-pusher
Stick-shaker
are examples of

Answer 21

T E M – Countermeasures – Systemic or “hard” resources​

Question 22

TEM
CRM is a major form of defence
3 lines of defence to error
(ATM)

Answer 22

Avoid
Trap
Mitigate

Question 23

There are 3 categories of individual and team countermeasures:​

Answer 23

Planning countermeasures: ​
for managing anticipated and unexpected threats​

Execution countermeasures: ​
Essential for error detection and error response​

Review countermeasures: ​
Essential for managing the changing conditions of a flight​

Question 24

SHELL stands for and represents

Answer 24

S - Software – Procedures, manuals, checklists, charts, maps, computer programs ​

H - Hardware – Instruments, equipment, displays, controls​

E - Environment – internal and external physical conditions, social, economical, political, operational environment​

L - Liveware – Human-Human interactions, management, supervision, communication

Question 25

Why are there two ‘L’s in SHELL?

Answer 25

L - Liveware – the Human element. The most valuable component in the system

L + L is the human to human interaction

Question 26

SHELL fundamentally represents (why is the ‘L’ in the middle)

Answer 26

Any mismatch between the Central Liveware and any, or more than one, of the other 4 components of the model, can seriously contribute to Human Error, therefore, to the jeopardy of the Safety of Flight and Operations

Question 27

“Safety Management”
is required to establish the necessary procedures that will allow Safety Culture to be effective within a State or Organisation. How?

Answer 27

Risk assessment and SOPS

Question 28

Safety culture can be open or…

Answer 28

Closed

Question 29

National safety cultures will influence

Answer 29

Organisations and individuals within that nation.

Question 30

Factors that can promote a good safety culture:

Answer 30

Workplace risk assessment​
Investigation of occurrences and their most probable causes​
Communication of all equipment and work conditions changes to employees​
Prompt response to all hazardous issues​
Promotion of regular Safety Training​
Encouragement of reporting habits

Question 31

A Just Culture is neither

Answer 31

a no-blame culture nor a non-punitive culture.

Question 32

Safety culture components - what’s missing?
Just Culture
Flexible Culture
Reporting Culture
Learning Culture

Answer 32

Informed culture

Question 33

Safety culture components - what’s missing?
Just Culture
Flexible Culture
Reporting Culture
Informed Culture

Answer 33

Learning culture

Question 34

Safety culture components - what’s missing?
Just Culture
Flexible Culture

Learning Culture
Informed Culture

Answer 34

Reporting culture

Question 35

Safety culture components - what’s missing?
Just Culture

Reporting Culture
Learning Culture
Informed Culture

Answer 35

Flexible culture

Question 36

Safety culture components - what’s missing?

Flexible Culture
Reporting Culture
Learning Culture
Informed Culture

Answer 36

Just culture