Basic concepts Flashcards
ICAO’s eight core competencies are:
Application of procedures
Communication
Flight path management with automation
Manual flight path management
Leadership&teamwork
Problem solving and decision making
Situation awareness
Workload management
What is ‘competency’?
Knowledge, Skills, Attitudes
What are KSAs
The abilities and characteristics that enable a job holder to accomplish the activities described in a task statement that describes what the job holder does
What are the 3 elements of TEM?
Threats - Exist
Errors - Are made
They resulting in:
Undesired Aircraft States
What is a threat?
What can they be subdivided into (5)
External events that occur beyond the influence of the flight crew
Anticipated
Unexpected
Latent
Environmental
Organisational
thunderstorms, traffic
are examples of what category of threat?
TEM Threat - Anticipated
malfunction
are examples of what category of threat?
TEM Threat - Unexpected
rostering, ergonomics, understaffing
are examples of what category of threat?
TEM Threat - Latent
Operational pressure, cabin design, maintenance, dispatch, documentation
are examples of what category of threat?
TEM Organizational threat
Weather, terrain, airport conditions, ATC…
TEM Environmental threat
Define: TEM
“Error”
Action or inaction by the crew that leads to deviations from organisational or flight crew intentions or expectations
Define: TEM Procedural Error
Poor interation between Pilot and procedure
Example: TEM Procedural Error
Violation of checklist or SOP
Define: T E M – Communication Error
Caused by the interaction between the Pilot and other people
Example:
T E M
Communication Error
ATC, Ground Crew, Marshaller, Cabin Crew, other Pilot
Define:
T E M
Aircraft Handling Error
Caused by interactions between the Pilot(s) and the aircraft through the application of controls
Example:
T E M
Aircraft Handling Error
During the descent of AF447, both Pilots made simultaneous and contradictory inputs without realizing what they were doing
Define x3:
Undesired Aircraft State
Aircraft handling
Ground navigation
incorrect aircraft configuration
Define:
An undesired state
A situation where safety margins are reduced.
Flight crew MUST employ counter measures in order to keep…
threats, errors and undesired aircraft states from reducing safety margins in flight operations
ACAS / TCAS
GPWS
Stick-pusher
Stick-shaker
are examples of
T E M – Countermeasures – Systemic or “hard” resources
TEM
CRM is a major form of defence
3 lines of defence to error
(ATM)
Avoid
Trap
Mitigate
There are 3 categories of individual and team countermeasures:
Planning countermeasures:
for managing anticipated and unexpected threats
Execution countermeasures:
Essential for error detection and error response
Review countermeasures:
Essential for managing the changing conditions of a flight
SHELL stands for and represents
S - Software – Procedures, manuals, checklists, charts, maps, computer programs
H - Hardware – Instruments, equipment, displays, controls
E - Environment – internal and external physical conditions, social, economical, political, operational environment
L - Liveware – Human-Human interactions, management, supervision, communication
Why are there two ‘L’s in SHELL?
L - Liveware – the Human element. The most valuable component in the system
L + L is the human to human interaction
SHELL fundamentally represents (why is the ‘L’ in the middle)
Any mismatch between the Central Liveware and any, or more than one, of the other 4 components of the model, can seriously contribute to Human Error, therefore, to the jeopardy of the Safety of Flight and Operations
“Safety Management”
is required to establish the necessary procedures that will allow Safety Culture to be effective within a State or Organisation. How?
Risk assessment and SOPS
Safety culture can be open or…
Closed
National safety cultures will influence
Organisations and individuals within that nation.
Factors that can promote a good safety culture:
Workplace risk assessment
Investigation of occurrences and their most probable causes
Communication of all equipment and work conditions changes to employees
Prompt response to all hazardous issues
Promotion of regular Safety Training
Encouragement of reporting habits
A Just Culture is neither
a no-blame culture nor a non-punitive culture.
Safety culture components - what’s missing?
Just Culture
Flexible Culture
Reporting Culture
Learning Culture
Informed culture
Safety culture components - what’s missing?
Just Culture
Flexible Culture
Reporting Culture
Informed Culture
Learning culture
Safety culture components - what’s missing?
Just Culture
Flexible Culture
Learning Culture
Informed Culture
Reporting culture
Safety culture components - what’s missing?
Just Culture
Reporting Culture
Learning Culture
Informed Culture
Flexible culture
Safety culture components - what’s missing?
Flexible Culture
Reporting Culture
Learning Culture
Informed Culture
Just culture
