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Human Factors > Basic Aviation Physiology > Flashcards

Basic Aviation Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

The Nervous system is split into

A

Central nervous system - master control unit
Peripheral nervous system - link to outside world

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2
Q

Peripheral nervous system is split into

A

The Autononic Nervous system - regulates involuntary stuff
The Somatic Nervous system - relays sensory and motor info

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3
Q

The Autonomic nervous system is split into

A

Sympathetic nervous system - prepares the body when presented with a threat (heart rate, respiration, draws stored energy from reserves)

Para-sympathetic nervous system - Replenishes bodily resources and promotes digestion and slowing down other bodily processes

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4
Q

Nervous system
2 types of sensory receptor
Which ones are in the skin

A

Mechanoreceptors​

Located in the skin, respond to mechanical stimuli that result from physical interaction, like pressure, vibration or any other kind of tension​

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5
Q

Nervous system
2 types of sensory receptor
Which ones pick up signals coming from our moving bodies

A

Proprioceptors​

Signals coming from our moving bodies that enable us to respond to the space around and react rapidly in changing circumstances.​

Unreliable in flight without visual contact to the ground.​

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6
Q

The eye
Photopic vision describes?

A

Daylight, Cones sensitivity high, Rods saturated​

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7
Q

The eye
Scotopic Vision describes?

A

Nightlight, Rods sensitivity high, Cones sensitivity low

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8
Q

The eye
Mesopic Vision describes?

A

Intermediate light intensity, Cones and Rods outputs combined

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9
Q

The weakest stimulus that a sensory organ can sense is known as?

A

Sensory Threshold

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10
Q

The sensory threshold can be lowered by

A

Fatigue

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11
Q

Define:
Sensory adaption

A

A decrease in sensitivity to a constant level of stimulation
- like wearing a watch

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12
Q

A decrease in sensitivity to a constant level of stimulation
- like wearing a watch
Describes what?

A

Sensory adaption

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13
Q

Define:
Habituation

A

A decrease in behavioural response after repeated exposure to a stimulus
-like a gear warner
-you to continue perceiving a stimulus but your CNS stops to respond to it because it becomes of lower importance in the presence of other stimulations​

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14
Q

Define:
A decrease in behavioural response after repeated exposure to a stimulus
-like a gear warner
-you to continue perceiving a stimulus but your CNS stops to respond to it because it becomes of lower importance in the presence of other stimulations​

A

Habituation

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15
Q

Messages are sent through the nervous system by ……………………….. Means​

A

Electrical and chemical​

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16
Q

The amount of light entering the eye is controlled by:​

A

The autonomic nervous system​

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17
Q

The main divisions of the Human Nervous System are the :

A

Central and peripheral nervous systems​

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18
Q

The autonomic nervous system comprises:​

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system​

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19
Q

The weakest stimulus that an organism can sense is ​

A

Sensory Threshold​

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20
Q

A fire-detector device emits a test “bip” every 15 seconds. After constant exposure to this “bip” you don’t give it any attention anymore. Your reaction is a result of :​

A

Habituation

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21
Q

How is Oxygen transported around the body ?

A

By red blood cells combined with haemoglobin

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22
Q

The factor which most increases the risk of coronary heart disease is:​

A

Family history

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23
Q

The normal range of blood pressure is:​

A

Systolic 120
diastolic 80

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24
Q

Hypotension is:

A

Low blood pressure

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25
Q

Low blood pressure can lead to:

A

Reduced tolerance to g-forces​

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26
Q

Cardiac output is the product of:​

A

Stroke volume and heart rate

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27
Q

Which system Carries nutrients and oxygen throughout the body​

A

Circulatory System

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28
Q

What carries blood from heart to body

A

ARTERIES

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29
Q

What carries blood from body to heart

A

VEINS

30
Q

Describe:
a pressure wave caused by the pumping heart

A

Pulse

31
Q

Define:
Pulse Rate

A

number of strokes per minute​

32
Q

Pulse rate determined by:

Physical exercise
Emotional arousal
Age
?
?
?
?

A

Body temperature
Blood pressure
Pain
Digestion

33
Q

Pulse rate determined by:

Body temperature
Blood pressure
Pain
Digestion
?
?
?

A

Physical exercise
Emotional arousal
Age

34
Q

Define:
Stroke Volume

A

The amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle into the aorta in one contraction

35
Q

Specify amount (inc. unit)
one stroke

A

70 ml

36
Q

Define the sum to establish Cardiac Output

A

The product of the stroke volume and the heart rate (or pulse rate)​

70 x 75 = 5250ml = 5.25 liters/min

37
Q

Describe:
The pressure exerted on the bloodstream by the heart when it contracts, forcing blood from the ventricles of the heart into the pulmonary artery and the aorta. It represents the period of greatest pressure in the arterial vascular system.​

A

Systolic

38
Q

Define:
Systolic

A

The pressure exerted on the bloodstream by the heart when it contracts, forcing blood from the ventricles of the heart into the pulmonary artery and the aorta. It represents the period of greatest pressure in the arterial vascular system.​

39
Q

Define:
Diastolic

A

The minimum level of blood pressure exerted on artery walls measured between contractions of the heart. Diastolic blood pressure occurs when blood is rushing back to fill the heart ventricles.​

40
Q

Describe:
The minimum level of blood pressure exerted on artery walls measured between contractions of the heart. Diastolic blood pressure occurs when blood is rushing back to fill the heart ventricles.​

A

Diastolic

41
Q

Normal adult blood pressure

A

120 mm Hg (systolic)​
80 mm Hg (diastolic)​

42
Q

Adult blood pressure

A

Size, age, gender, body weight, emotional state, physical activity and physical condition​

43
Q

Describe:
carries blood cells, digested food products (glucose, amino acids, proteins, hormones and enzymes) ​

A

Plasma

44
Q

Define:
Plasma

A

carries blood cells, digested food products (glucose, amino acids, proteins, hormones and enzymes) ​

45
Q

Define:
Red blood cells

A

contain hemoglobin, carry oxygen to the cells and tissues​

46
Q

Define:
White blood cells

A

have large nuclei to engulf and destroy invading bacteria. Their main function is the defense against disease​

47
Q

Define:
Platelets

A

are the smallest of the blood cells and assist in the blood clotting process​

48
Q

Describle:
The protein molecule in red blood cells ​
Every molecule contains one atom of iron ​
Gives the blood a chemical attraction for oxygen​
Gives the blood its red colour ​
Red blood cells carry 95% of all oxygen​
Remainder is suspended in plasma.​

A

Haemoglobin

49
Q

Saturation levels of haemoglobin at Sea level

A

97.5%

50
Q

Saturation levels of haemoglobin at 10,000ft

A

87%

51
Q

Saturation levels of haemoglobin at 20,000ft

A

Rapid fall to 65%

52
Q

having less than the normal number of red blood cells or less than the normal quantity of hemoglobin in the blood is called…

A

Anaemia

53
Q

Anaemia does what to the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood

A

decreases it

54
Q

Common causes of Anaemia

A

Excessive blood loss​
Excessive red blood cell destruction (“hemolysis”)​
Deficient red blood cell production​

55
Q

A persistent condition of high blood pressure inside the blood vessels is called…

A

A persistent condition of high blood pressure inside the blood vessels

56
Q

What blood pressure is described as unfit

A

160 / 95

Systolic 160mmHg
Diastolic 95mmHg

57
Q

Hypertension - common causes

A

Lack of exercise​
Age
Stress
Dietary factors​
Smoking
Smoking

58
Q

Hypertension - symptoms​

A

Heart palpitations​
Nose bleeds
​Shortness of breath​
Angina
Headaches

59
Q

Hypertension – potential consequences​

A

Stroke​
Coronary heart disease​
Kidney failure​

60
Q

How do your correct for hypertension

A

Lifestyle

61
Q

Hypotension would be described by what blood pressure reading?

A

90mmHg Systolic
60mmHg Diastolic

62
Q

Hypotension leads to

A

shortage of oxygen to the tissues

63
Q

Hypotension symptoms

A

Lethargy/tiredness​
Reduced resistance to the effects of shock​
Congestion of the respiratory system​
Stagnation in the blood supply​
Reduced capability to withstand positive g-forces​

64
Q

Coronary Artery Disease

A

Severely clogged coronary arteries may impede the heart’s normal blood supply causing it to starve of oxygen and nutrients and at the same time, impeding it from getting rid of waste substances excreted by its cells.​

65
Q

Hypotension - common causes

A

Age​
Genetics​
Disorders of the endocrine system​
Haemorrhage​
Temperature​

66
Q

Coronary Artery Disease – contributing factors​

A

Family history​
Smoking​
Hypertension​
High blood cholesterol​
Lack of exercise​
Diabetes​

67
Q

Angina

A

The progressive narrowing of the coronary arteries generates a deficient cardiac output due to the insufficiency to supply enough oxygen and nutrients to the muscle. ​

68
Q

Angina symptoms

A

tiredness and difficulty in breathing during actions that require physical effort.​
It’s an intense chest pain !​

69
Q

Heart attack​

A

Total blockage of a coronary artery​
Consequent death of that part of the heart muscle​

70
Q

Heart attack - symptoms

A

Chest pain
Increased heart rate and shortage of breath​
Nausea / vomiting​
Pallor and sweating

Human Factors (10 decks)

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