LESSON 2 Flashcards
He used the Bible to calculate that the earth was created in 4004 BC
Archbishop Ussher in 1650
He believed that the earth must be extremely old because he recognized that natural selection and evolution required vast amounts of time
Charles Darwin in the mid-19th century
It was not until the discovery of ____ began to put a timescale on the history of the earth.
radioactivity
____ often contain heavy radioactive
elements which decay over a long periods of
time, the decay is unaffected.
Rocks
By the physical and chemical conditions and different elements ____ at different rates (these rates are slow and half –lives of several hundred million years are not uncommon) that scientists could give an actual estimate of the age of the earth.
decay
The oldest volcanic rock found so far has been dated at _____ years old.
3.75 billion
Science is an assumption that events in the physical world follow orderly cause-and-effect patterns that can understood through careful observation, measurements, and experimentations
Science as an idea
Science is a possible and testable answer to a scientific question or explanation of what scientists observe in nature.
Science as an intellectual activity
Science is a subject of discipline, a field of study, describe the scientific methods and the importance of observation, experimentation, and models
Science as a body of knowledge
Science is an important and certain results of science done by human beings to develop better understanding of the world around us is based on the large body of evidence
Science as a personal and social activity
In European history the term _____ refers to the period between Copernicus and Newton.
‘Scientific Revolution’
More radical proposals have suggested that the Scientific Revolution might apply to the so called Enlightenment ____ thus extending to roughly 1750.
‘Newtonians’
The learned view of things in 16th-century thought was that the world was composed of Four Qualities:
Aristotle’s Earth, Water, Air, and Fire
Newton’s learned contemporaries believed that the world was _____ or _____ (small material bodies)
made of atoms or
corpuscles
The Polish Astronomer who created the Copernican Revolution
Nicolaus Copernicus
the paradigm shift from the Ptolemaic model of the heavens, which described the cosmos as having Earth stationary at the center of the universe, to the heliocentric model with the Sun at the center of the Solar System.
The Copernican Revolution
He was the Italian scientist who found convincing evidence in favor of the Copernican Model.
Galileo Galilei
At the same time as Galileo was making his critical observations of the planets, a German mathematician, ______, was putting into place another key piece of the puzzle.
Johannes Kepler
Johannes Kepler had the good fortune to be a student of the Danish astronomer _____, who had accumulated volumes of accurate astronomical observations.
Tycho Brahe
After publishing his findings, Galileo was contacted by _____, who demanded he retract his heretical ideas.
Pope Paul V
the widely held notion that all life is related and has descended from a common ancestor: the birds and the bananas, the fishes and the flowers – all related
Darwinian Revolution/Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
as random genetic mutations occur within an organism’s genetic code, the beneficial mutations are preserved because they aid survival - - a process known as _____
“natural selection”
acts to preserve and accumulate minor advantageous genetic mutations
Natural Selection
one composed of
multiple parts, all of which are necessary
for the system to function
+ If even one part is missing, the entire system will fail to function
irreducibly complex system
personality develops through a series of stages, each characterized by a certain internal psychological conflict
Sigmund Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
According to Freud, personality develops during childhood and is critically shaped through a series of five psychosexual stages, which he called his _____
Psychosexual Theory of Development
According to Freud, our personality develops from the interactions among what he proposed as the three fundamental structures of the human mind:
the id, ego, and superego
This theory, known as Freud’s _____, places great emphasis on the role of unconscious psychological conflicts in shaping behavior and personality.
Structural Theory of Personality
Four Notable Neo-Freudians
Alfred Adler
Erik Erikson
Carl Jung
Karen Horney
the most primitive of the three structures, is concerned with instant gratification of basic physical needs and urges. It operates entirely unconsciously
The Id
concerned with social
rules and morals—similar to what many
people call their ” conscience ” or their
“moral compass.”
The Superego
the rational, pragmatic part of our personality. It is less primitive than the id and is partly conscious and partly unconscious.
The Ego
refers to the diverse
civilizations that shared similar cultural
characteristics in the geographic areas
comprising the modern-day countries of
Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, Belize,
El Salvador, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica
Mesoamerica
Some of the shared cultural traits among
Mesoamerican peoples included:
+ complex pantheon of deities
+ architectural features
+ a ballgame
+ the 260-day calendar
+ trade
+ food (especially
a reliance on maize, beans, and squash)
+ dress
+ accoutrements
Some of the most well-known Mesoamerican cultures are the:
Olmec
Maya
Zapotec
Teotihuacan
Mixtec
Mexica (or Aztec).
An anthropologist named _____ first used the term ―Mesoamerica (meso is Greek for―middle or ―intermediate) in 1943 to designate these geographical areas as having shared cultural traits prior to the invasion of Europeans, and the term has remained
Paul Kirchkoff
the earliest known
major civilization of Mesoamerica or
Pre-Columbian America
The Olmecs
the _____ made most prestigious discoveries in sectors of science and cosmology that enabled them to make a profoundly complex date-book
Mayans
The most alarming aspect of the ____ culture was the practice of human sacrifice, which was known throughout Mesoamerica prior to the Spanish conquest.
Aztec
The _____ Civilisation starts around 3300 BC with what is referred to as the Early Harappan Phase (3300 to 2600 BC).
Indus Valley
Mesoamerica refers to the diverse civilizations that shared similar cultural characteristics in the geographic areas comprising the modern-day countries of:
Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, Belize,
El Salvador, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica
Mesoamerica came from the Greek word “meso” which means?
middle or intermediate
Typically when we discuss Mesoamerican art we are referring to art made by peoples in ____ and much of _______
Mexico
Central America
When people mention Native North American art, they are usually referring to indigenous peoples in the _____ and _____
U.S. and Canada
More recently, archaeologists and art historians have considered connections between the Southwestern and Southeastern U.S. and Mesoamerica, an area sometimes called either the ______ and _____
Greater Southwest or Greater Mesoamerica
Mesoamerica is also known as the ______ America
Pre-Columbian
Early Olmec culture appeared around 1600 BC (flourished from 1200-400 BC) in the tropical lowlands of south-central Mexico, in the present-day states of _____ and ______
Veracruz
Tabasco
Olmec civilization is dependent
solely on ______ evidence
archaeological
Olmec produced some of the greatest Mesoamerican artworks including:
Colossal sculpture in volcanic stone
Intricate works in jade
Laid foundations for all subsequent Mesoamerican cultures (such as Maya and Aztec)
They built the earliest known Mesoamerican pyramid
Olmecs
The ancient Mayan civilization existed in the milieu of present day Mexico and Central America from 2600 BC till the ______ in the sixteenth century.
Spanish success
Mayans constructed grand structures including:
Royal residences
Galactic observatories
Sanctuary pyramids
Straight lifted streets
Reservoir conduits utilizing water weight innbocation
The Mayans additionally built up the main finish-composing framework in Mesoamerica and created _____ a few centuries before vulcanization.
elastic
Mayans made innovations of their own like:
Immense underground repositories (held new water securely in the midst of the dry season)
Spanish invaders, led by _______, sought both to claim the new lands and resources for the Spanish Crown and to promulgate Christianity, and demanded that local native allies forswear human sacrifice and cannibalism
Hernán Cortés
Trade networks linked the Indus Valley culture with related regional cultures and distant sources of raw materials, including:
lapis lazuli
bead making materials
Indus Valley villagers had domesticated numerous crops and animals such as:
peas
sesame seads
date
cotton
water buffalo
2600 BC marks the _____ Phase during which Early Harappan communities turned into large urban centres
Mature Harappan
Mature Harappans evolved new techniques in metallurgy and produced:
copper
bronze
lead
tin
The people of the Indus Civilisation achieved great accuracy in measuring:
length, mass, and time
Their smallest division, which is marked on an ivory scale found in Lothal in Gujarat, was approximately ______, the smallest division ever recorded on a scale of the Bronze Age.
1.704 mm
Harappan engineers followed the ______ of measurement for all practical purposes, including the measurement of mass as revealed by their hexahedron weights.
decimal division
Around _____BC, signs of a gradual decline began to emerge, and by around 1700 BC most of the cities had been abandoned.
1800
Suggested contributory causes
for the localisation of the IVC include:
changes in the river course
climate change
As of 2016 many scholars believe that ____ lead to a decline in trade with Egypt and Mesopotamia contributing to the collapse of the Indus Civilisation.
drought
______ reduced the water supply enough to cause the civilisation’s demise, and to scatter its population eastward
Aridification
The two specific cultural regions that developed Chinese civilization was the:
Yellow River civilization
Yangtze civilization.
_____ may also be the site of the first walled city in China.
Chengtoushan
Some scholars have suggested that the _______ (6600 BC) are the earliest form of proto-writing in China
Jiahu symbols
Archaeologists believe that the ______ was egalitarian, with little political organization
Peiligang culture
Peiligang culture eventually evolved into the _____ culture
Yangshao
Yangshao culture highly specialized in :
Polished stone tools
silkworm cultivation
The main food of the Yangshao people was _____
millet
The earliest bronze artifacts have been found in the ______ culture site (3100 to 2700 BC)
Majiayao
The earliest traditional Chinese dynasty for which there is both archeological and written evidence is the ______ dynasty (1600 to 1046 BC).
Shang
Some historians argue that _____ should be considered an early phase of the Shang dynasty
Erlitou
The _________ defines the Chinese Bronze Age as the period between about 2000 and 771 BC; a period that begins with the Erlitou culture and ends abruptly with the disintegration of Western Zhou rule.
U.S. National Gallery of Art
The ______ culture is another Chinese Bronze Age society, contemporaneous to the Shang dynasty, however they developed a different method of bronze-making from the Shang
Sanxingdui
Mesopotamia, the convergence of the
______ & _______ rivers produced rich
fertile soil and a supply of water for irrigation.
Tigris and Euphrates
Mesopotamia
The civilizations that emerged around these rivers are among the earliest known _____ societies.
non-nomadic agrarian
It is
because of this that the ______
region, and Mesopotamia in particular, are often referred to as the cradle of civilization.
Fertile Crescent
The period known as the _______ (c. 6500 to 3800 BC) is the earliest known
period on the alluvial plain, although it is likely earlier periods exist obscured under
the alluvium
Ubaid period
It was during the _____ period
that the movement towards urbanization
began.
Ubaid
______&______
were widely practiced in sedentary
communities, particularly in Northern
Mesopotamia
Agriculture and animal husbandry
_________ agriculture began to be practiced
in the south
intensive irrigated
hydraulic
Around 6000 BC, _______ settlements appear all over Egypt.
Neolithic
Named after the Sumerian city of Uruk, this period saw the
emergence of urban life in Mesopotamia
and, during its later phase, the gradual emergence of the ________ script.
cuneiform
_______ in the region dates to around 3500 BC, with the earliest texts dating to 3300 BC; early cuneiform writing emerged in
3000 BC.]
Proto-writing
Sumerian cities during the Uruk period were probably theocratic and were most likely
lheaded by ______, assisted by a council of elders, including both men and women.
priest-king (ensi)
Strong signs of governmental organization and social stratification began to emerge leading to the _______
Early Dynastic Period
The motto of the Royal Society of London: Nullius in Verba means?
Accept nothing on the basis of words
Cultural Regions that developed Chinese Civilization:
Yellow River civilization and Yangtze civilization
earliest evidence of cultivated rice; site of the first walled city in China
Chengtoushan
center of the Peiligang culture (Jiahu - most prominent site)
Yellow River Valley
earliest form of protowriting in China
Jiahu symbols
egalitarian; evolved as Yangshao culture
Peiligang culture
superseded by Longshan culture
Yangshao culture
Taosi, is the prominent site
Longshan culture
discovery of earliest bronze artifacts
Majiayao culture site
earliest traditional Chinese dynasty
Shang dynasty
oracle bone script (earliest known body of Chinese writing)
Shang sites
considered an early phase of the Shang dynasty
Erlitou
another Chinese Bronze Age society
Sanxingdui culture
