CHAPTER 2 - L1 Flashcards
the most significant thinker and the most accomplished individual who has ever lived.
ARISTOTLE (384-322 B.C.)
- The natural function of a thing is determined by its _______.
With respect to living things, there are particular ways of being that constitute the perfection of the living thing’s nature.
natural end
- According to Aristotle, there is an ______ of all of the actions that we perform which we desire for itself.
end
a property of one’s life when considered as a whole.
- Eudaimonia
the highest good of human endeavors and that toward which all actions aim. It is success as a human being. The best life is one of excellent human activity.
- Flourishing
- For him, the good is what is good for purposeful, goal-directed entities.
ARISTOTLE (384-322 B.C.)
the good of each species is ______ to that species. A person’s nature as a human being provides him with guidance with respect to how he should live his life.
teleologically immanent
means “good for” the individual moral agent.
- Good
an integral part of Aristotle’s ethics.
- Egoism
- In the fields of hard science, the process of inquiry is more direct and finite:
o Take a question.
o use evidence to form an explanation;
o connect that explanation to existing knowledge; and
o communicate that evidence-based explanation.
- Experimentation based on the scientific method follows a similar course:
o Combine a scientific question with research to construct a hypothesis;
o conduct experiments to test that hypothesis;
o evaluate the results to draw conclusions; and
o communicate those conclusions.
- Kids usually form a basic opinion about the sciences shortly after ______.
beginning school
one of the most important subjects in school due to its relevance to students’ lives and the universally applicable problem-solving and critical thinking skills it uses and develops.
- Science education
are 8 goals that UN Member States have agreed to try to achieve by the year 2015.
United Nations Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)
- The United Nations Millennium Declaration, signed in _______, commits world leaders to combat poverty, hunger, disease, illiteracy, environmental degradation, and discrimination against women.
September 2000
o The MDGs are derived from this Declaration
United Nations Millennium Declaration
8 MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS (MDGs)
- Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger.
- Achieve universal primary education.
- Promote gender equality and empower women.
- Reduce child mortality.
- Improve Maternal health.
- Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases.
- Ensure environmental sustainability.
- Develop a global partnership for development.
- Under nutrition which includes fetal growth restriction, stunting, wasting and deficiencies of vitamin A and zinc, along with suboptimal breastfeeding; is the underlying cause of death in an estimated 45% of all deaths among children under 5 years of age.
MDG 1: ERADICATE EXTREME POVERTY AND HUNGER
MDG 1: ERADICATE EXTREME POVERTY AND HUNGER
- This rate of progress is close to the rate required to meet the MDG target, however improvements have been ______ distributed between and within different regions.
unevenly
- Ensure that, by 2015, children everywhere, boys and girls alike, will be able to complete a full course of primary schooling.
MDG 2: ACHIEVE UNIVERSAL PRIMARY EDUCATION
- Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education, preferably by 2005, and to all levels of education no later than 2015.
MDG 3: PROMOTE GENDER EQUALITY AND EMPOWER WOMEN
- Reduce by two-thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the under-five mortality rate. Globally, significant progress has been made in reducing mortality in children under 5 years of age.
MDG 4: REDUCE CHILD MORTALITY
- To reduce the number of maternal deaths, women need access to good-quality reproductive health care and effective interventions.
MDG 5: IMPROVE MATERNAL HEALTH
- Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS. Achieve, by 2010, universal access to treatment for HIV/AIDS for all those who need it.
MDG 6: COMBAT HIV/AIDS, MALARIA AND OTHER DISEASES
- The coverage of interventions such as the distribution of insecticide-treated nets and indoor residual spraying has greatly increased and will need to be sustained in order to prevent the resurgence of disease and deaths caused by malaria.
MDG 6: COMBAT HIV/AIDS, MALARIA AND OTHER DISEASES
_________, which emerged primarily as a result of inadequate treatment, continues to pose problems.
multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB)
a medically diverse group of infectious conditions caused by a variety of pathogens.
tropical diseases
o In 2013 only 6314 cases of human _______ were reported, representing the lowest levels of recorded cases in 50 years. This disease is now targeted for elimination as a public health problem by 2020.
African trypanosomiasis
o ______ is also on the verge of eradication with an historic low of 126 cases reported in 2014 and an ongoing WHO target of interrupting its transmission by the end of 2015.
Dracunculiasis
o Plans to eliminate ____ as a public health problem worldwide by 2020 have also been prepared and are being implemented.
leprosy
o The elimination of _______ as a public health problem in the Indian subcontinent by 2020 is on track with a greater than 75% reduction in incident cases recorded since the launch of the programme in 2005.
visceral leishmaniasis
o In the case of ______, more than 5 billion treatments have been delivered since 2000 to stop its spread and of the 73 known endemic countries 39 are on track to achieve its elimination as a public health problem by 2020.
lymphatic filariasis
o By 2015, halve the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation.
o The world has now met the MDG target relating to access to safe drinking-water.
MDG 7: ENSURE ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY
o In ____, 90% of the population used an improved source of drinking-water compared with 76% in 1990.
2012
o The number of people living in urban areas without access to improved sanitation is increasing because of rapid growth in the size of ______
urban populations.
- In cooperation with pharmaceutical companies, provide access to affordable essential medicines in developing countries.
- Many people continue to face a scarcity of medicines in the public sector, forcing them to the private sector where prices can be substantially higher.
MDG 8: DEVELOP A GLOBAL PARTNERSHIP FOR DEVELOPMENT
- _____ works with partners to support national efforts to achieve the health-related MDGs.
WHO
- WHO’s activities include:
o setting prevention and treatment guidelines and other global norms and standards;
o providing technical support to countries to implement guidelines;
o analyzing social and economic factors and highlighting the broader risks and opportunities for health.
