LESSON 1 Flashcards
According to this person, science is a way of thinking much more than it is a body of knowledge.
Carl Sagan
the Latin term “scientia” means ______
knowledge
the Latin term “scire” means ______
to know
an organized body of knowledge based on facts, gathered through observations, experiments and experiences.
Science
Science can’t answer questions about _____ and _____
value
morality
______ events can’t be explained by science.
+ Adding the prefix “super” it entails that it is beyond the natural laws of the universe
Supernatural
“Science is present verification without ultimate ____”.
certainty
This theory of George Ernst Stahl states that a certain substance called ____ is present in a substance during combustion and is released in the process.
Phlogiston Theory
He was the one who proposed the Combustion Theory, which states that oxygen is needed in the process of combustion and not phlogiston.
Antoine Lavoisier
Branches of Science
Social Science
Applied Science
Natural Science
concerned with the society and the relationships among the individuals within the society
Social Science
applies existing scientific knowledge to develop more practical applications, like technology or inventions
Applied Science
concerned with the description, prediction, and understanding of natural phenomena, based on observational and empirical evidence
Natural Science
Natural science is further subdivided into:
Biological Sciences and Physical Sciences
pertains to the study of living things that include biology, botany, zoology, anatomy, physiology, ornithology, parasitology and many others
Biological Sciences
deals with the study of the nonliving things that include physics, chemistry, geology, meteorology, metallurgy and many others
Physical Sciences
10 Attitudes Someone Who Studies Science Must Possess
- The desire to know.
- Patience
- Perseverance
- Objective
- Don’t easily jump into conclusion.
- Open-mindedness
- Systematic and orderly
- Critical thinkers
- Honesty
- Humility
The systematic approach in solving a problem is called the ______
Scientific Method
The 7 Basic Steps of Scientific Investigations
- Observing and stating the problem.
- Gathering data on related problems.
- Forming a hypothesis.
- Testing the hypothesis.
- Recording and analyzing data
- Formulating a conclusion.
- Replicating your work
a process of utilizing your five senses
(1. Observing and stating the problem)
Observation
Two Types of Observation
Qualitative Observation
Quantitative Observations
Type of observation which does not involve measurements
Qualitative Observation
Type of observation which involves the process of measuring (aided with measuring tools to get a collection of data)
Quantitative Observations
In stating the problem make sure that it is _____ and ____. Without a _____ and ____ statement, you will find it difficult to answer your problem as it may be broad and unclear to you.
clear and specific
This is an important part of the scientific process to make sure that what you are doing is objective.
- Gathering data on related problems
After gathering pertinent information, based on the researched facts you may now formulate a _____ which is a tentative solution to your problem.
(3. Forming a hypothesis)
hypothesis
A ______ is said to be tentative and not final because it is still subjected to a test.
hypothesis
To find out whether your hypothesis is correct or not you will conduct an experiment.
- Testing the hypothesis
An experimental set up is usually composed of two groups:
an experimental group and a control group
In a _____ all factors are held constant. This set-up is important for comparison with the experimental group.
control group
The group in which one factor or treatment is varied is the _______. A variable is any factor, trait, or condition that can exist in differing amounts or types
experimental group
A _____ is any factor, trait, or condition that can exist in differing amounts or types.
variable
An experiment usually has three kinds of variables:
independent, dependent, and controlled
The _____ variable is the one that is changed by the scientist.
independent
The scientist focuses his or her observations on the ______ variable to see how it responds to the change made to the independent variable.
dependent
______ variables are quantities that a scientist wants to remain constant, and he must observe them as carefully as the dependent variables.
controlled
The results of your experiment should be recorded carefully.
- Recording and analyzing data.
Observations and information, called as _____, can be presented in tables and graphs.
data
A conclusion is the final answer to the problem.
- Formulating a conclusion.
If the conclusion supports the hypothesis it is considered as a ______ to the problem. But if it does not, the hypothesis is rejected or can be modified.
scientific explanation
Experiments should not only be done once but several times. That is why a good scientific experiment requires being reproducible or can be replicated. In this manner others can test the reliability of your results.
- Replicating your work.
Famous People with Contributions to Science
Sir Isaac Newton (1642 - 1726)
Louis Pasteur (1822 – 1895)
Galileo Galilei (1564 – 1642)
Marie Curie (1867 – 1934)
Albert Einstein (1879 – 1955)
Charles Darwin (1809 – 1882)
Otto Hahn (1879 - 1968)
Nikola Tesla (1856 – 1943)
James Clerk Maxwell (1831 - 1879)
Aristotle (384BC – 322BC)
In his Principia Mathematica, published in 1687, he laid the foundations for classical mechanics, explaining law of gravity and the Laws of Motion.
Sir Isaac Newton (1642 - 1726)
Contributed greatly towards the advancement of medical sciences developing cures for rabies, anthrax and other infectious diseases.
+ Also enabled process of pasteurization to make milk safer to drink.
Louis Pasteur (1822 – 1895)
Creating one of the first modern telescope.
+ revolutionized our understanding of the world successfully proving the earth revolved around the sun and not the other way around.
+ His work Two New Sciences laid ground work for science of Kinetics and strength of materials
Galileo Galilei (1564 – 1642)
Discovered radiation and helped to apply it in the field of X ray.
+ won Nobel Prize in both Chemistry and Physics.
Marie Curie (1867 – 1934)
Revolutionized modern physics with his general theory of relativity.
+ Won Nobel Prize in Physics (1921) for his discovery of the Photoelectric effect, which formed basis of Quantum Theory.
Albert Einstein (1879 – 1955)
Developed theory of evolution against a backdrop of disbelief and skepticism.
+ Collected evidence over 20 years and published conclusions in On the Origin of Species (1859).
Charles Darwin (1809 – 1882)
German Chemist who discovered nuclear fission (1939).
+ Pioneering scientist in the field of radio-
chemistry.
+ Discovered radio-active elements and nuclear isomerism (1921).
+ Awarded Nobel Prize for Chemistry (1944).
Otto Hahn (1879 - 1968)
Work on electromagnetism and AC current.
+ Credited with many patents from electricity to radio transmission.
Nikola Tesla (1856 – 1943)
Made great strides in understanding electromagnetism.
+ His research in electricity and kinetics, laid foundation for quantum physics.
James Clerk Maxwell (1831 - 1879)
Great early Greek scientist who made many researches in the natural sciences including botany,
zoology, physics, astronomy, chemistry, and meteorology, geometry.
Aristotle (384BC – 322BC)
defined as “purposeful intervention by design”
Technology
the activity through which technological outcomes are created and have impact in the world.
technological practice
