CHAPTER 2 - L4 Flashcards
The term technology, a combination of the Greek words:
technē, “art, craft,”
logos “word, speech,”
The term technology meant in Greece a:
discourse on the arts, both fine and applied.
When it first appeared in English in the 17th century, technology was used to mean a
discussion of the applied arts only
When it first appeared in English in the 17th century, it was used to mean a discussion of the applied arts only, and gradually these “arts” themselves came to be the object of the _______
designation
By the ________, the term embraced a growing range of means, processes, and ideas in addition to tools and machines.
early 20th century
By mid-century, technology was defined by such phrases as ________
“the means or activity by which man seeks to change or manipulate his environment.”
Another aspect of the cumulative character of technology that will require further investigation is the
manner of transmission of technological innovations
This is an _______, and it is necessary to accept the phenomenon of simultaneous or parallel invention in cases in which there is insufficient evidence to show the transmission of ideas in one direction or another.
elusive problem
The mechanics of their transmission have been enormously improved in recent centuries by the _______ and other means of communication and also by the increased facility with which travelers visit the sources of innovation and carry ideas back to their own homes.
printing press
Traditionally, however, the major mode of transmission has been the _______
movement of artifacts and craftsmen.
_____ in artifacts has ensured their widespread distribution and encouraged imitation.
Trade
Even more important, the _______ —whether the itinerant metalworkers of early civilizations or the German rocket engineers whose expert knowledge was acquired by both the Soviet Union and the United States after World War II—has promoted the spread of new technologies.
migration of craftsmen
The evidence for such processes of technological transmission is a reminder that the material for the study of the history of technology comes from a ________.
variety of sources
Much of it relies, like any _______, on documentary matter, although this is sparse for the early civilizations because of the general lack of interest in technology on the part of scribes and chroniclers.
historical examination
For these societies, therefore, and for the many millennia of earlier unrecorded history in which slow but substantial technological advances were made, it is necessary to rely heavily upon _______
archaeological evidence
Even in connection with the recent past, the historical understanding of the processes of rapid industrialization can be made deeper and more vivid by the study of ________
“industrial archaeology.”
(Industrial Technology)
Much valuable material of this nature has been accumulated in museums, and even more remains in the place of its use for the observation of the ______
field worker.
The ______ must be prepared to use all these sources, and to call upon the skills of the archaeologist, the engineer, the architect, and other specialists as appropriate.
historian of technology
The biology field is a particularly impacted domain by ______
ethical questions
Some example, such as the control of the _______ show that some technologies have led to tremendous improvement of the quality of life for many families, even if they raised ethical questions at the very beginning.
IVF (In Vitro Fertilization),
But sometimes, technical progress leads to disturbing applications, which makes us wonder:
should we accept everything?
Examples of _____ are given in the TED talk (Root Wolpe, 2010): can we accept bioluminescent monkeys or human ears grafted on rats in the name of technological progress?
“designed animals”
This technology is often compared to molecular scissors as it allows to cut a pre-selected chosen gene, and potentially replace it with another one.
CRISPR/Cas9
In the field of ______, another polemic is ongoing for a year or two about a relatively new technique, called CRISPR/Cas9.
genetic manipulation
_______ and its applications is also at a central point when it comes to ethical questions.
Collecting data and doing machine learning is supposed to help machines learn about the human behavior, but as it is explain in the TED talk (Tufekci, 2016), machine learning systems are a black box, and we don’t exactly understand how it works.
Artificial Intelligence
_______ which seem to be the next big innovation of the next few years: the big stakes are to create a technology, which will allow to eliminate 90% of the accidents, as the latter are always due to human error.
Driverless cars
The International Organization for Standardization defines a “service robot” as a
robot “that performs useful tasks for humans or equipment excluding industrial automation applications”.
According to ISO 8373 robots require
“a degree of autonomy”
“a degree of autonomy” which is the
“ability to perform intended tasks based on current state and sensing, without human intervention”.
(a degree of autonomy)
For service robots this ranges from:
partial autonomy (including human robot interaction)
full autonomy (without active human robot intervention)
________ are categorized according to personal or professional use. They have many forms and structures as well as application areas.
Service robots
Robots are now widely used the so called service robots do specific tasks but focus mainly in assisting their _____ in their everyday tasks.
masters
The ______ for service robots therefore include systems based on some degree of human robot interaction or even full tele operation as well as fully autonomous systems.
IFR statistics
A preliminary extract of the relevant definition is
(IFR, 2012).
1
A robot is an actuated mechanism programmable in two or more axes with a degree of autonomy , moving within each environment, to perform intended task. Autonomy in the context means the ability to perform intended tasks based on current state and sensing without human intervention.
A preliminary extract of the relevant definition is
(IFR, 2012).
2
A service robot is a robot that performs useful tasks for humans or equipment excluding industrial automation application.
A preliminary extract of the relevant definition is
(IFR, 2012).
3
A personal service robot or a service robot for a personal use is a service robot is use for non commercial task, usually by laypersons. Examples are domestic servant robot, automated wheelchair, personal mobility assist robot and per exercising robot.
A preliminary extract of the relevant definition is
(IFR, 2012).
4
A professional service robot or service robot for professional use is a service robot used for commercial task usually operated by a properly trained operator. Examples are the cleaning robot for public places, delivery robot in offices or hospitals fire fighting robot, rehabilitation robot, and surgery robot in hospitals, fire fighting robot, rehabilitation robot, ad surgery robot in hospitals. In this context, an operator is a person designated to start, monitor, and stop the intended operation of a robot
