lesson 19 - energy & nutrient acquisition II Flashcards
what does enzymatic hydrolysis do?
splits chemical bonds in food molecules using water
what is RuBisCo?
a protein consumed by herbivores and then broken into amino acids, and reused to build proteins like hemoglobin (a protein that carries oxygen in the blood)
why do most cells have digestive compartments?
to reduce the risk of digesting their own cells and tissues
what is intracellular digestion?
food particles are engulfed by phagocytosis and broke down in vacuoles
what is phagocytosis?
where a cell eats
what is food vacuoles?
tiny sacs where food is stored
what is extracellular digestion?
breakdown of food outside cells, such as in a gastrovascular cavity
how does digestion work in simple animals like Hydra?
enzymes are released into a gastrovascular activity (extracellular digestion), once particles are broken down, the cell absorbs them by phagocytosis, food particles are engulfed
what is the function of the oral cavity in digestion?
food intake, chewing, and mixing with saliva containing amylase
what does out salivary glands produce?
saliva (lubricant): makes it easier to swallow
amylase (enzyme for carb): enzyme that breakdown rice and carbs
a tube connecting mouth to stomach
esophagus
what is peristalsis?
a process where muscles push food down the esophagus into the stomach
what does the stomach secrete for digestion?
hydrochloric acid and pepsin enzyme to break down proteins
how is chyme formed?
when the stomach mixes food with enzymes a liquid substance forms
what is bile?
a fat-dissolving detergent
where is bile stored?
gallbladder
what creates bile?
liver
what enzyme does pancreas produce?
lipase (breaks down fat), amylase (breaks down carbohydrates), and protease (breaks down proteins)
what is the role of villi in the same intestine?
they increase surface area for nutrient absorption
villi soaks up all the good stuff
what does the large intestine do?
absorb water and minerals and forms stool
why do herbivores have longer digestive systems?
to break down tough plant fibres efficiently
how does a carnivore’s digestive system compare to a herbivore’s?
it is shorter because meat is easier to digest (breaks down faster)
what are essential nutrients?
nutrients that an animals body cannot make on it own and must be obtained from diet
what are the four classes of essential nutrient?
essential amino acids, essential fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals
macronutrients
needed in large amounts
micronutrients
small amounts
what is the most limiting element for plant growth?
nitrogen
