lesson 12 - algae

Question 1

what are the major groups in archaeplastida?

Answer 1

red algae (monophyletic lineage)
green algae
land plants

Question 2

3 factors to identify algae

Answer 2

photosynthesis
does not have roots or stems like land plants
lives in water

Question 3

is green algae polyphyletic?

Answer 3

yes

Question 4

is land plants polyphyletic?

Answer 4

no

Question 5

what is charophytes?

Answer 5

green algae plants - closest relative to land plants

Question 6

what features do charophytes share with plants?

Answer 6

peroxisome enzyme, phragmosplast formation, rings of cellulose-synthesizing proteins, structure of flagellated sperm

Question 7

peroxisome enzymes

Answer 7

reduce energy loss during photosynthesis

Question 8

phragmoplast formation

Answer 8

build cell wall during cell division

Question 9

how do microtubules play a role in phragmoplast?

Answer 9

they create a cell plate which becomes the cell wall

Question 10

rings of cellulose-synthesizing proteins

Answer 10

help build the cell wall
analogy: imagine a factory that makes bricks for a wall

Question 11

true or false - cellulose is a key part of the cell wall

Answer 11

true

Question 12

structure of flagellates sperm

Answer 12

sperm cells that have a tail like structure (flagella) that helps them move through water to reach an egg for fertilization

Question 13

what are the main challenges plants faced when moving to land?

Answer 13

gravity, desiccation, dispersal, gas exchange, resource transport

Question 14

gravity

Answer 14

plants needed support to stand upright so lignin was created

Question 15

what does lignin do?

Answer 15

helps for support and strength for plants to stand upright

Question 16

desiccation

Answer 16

waxy surfaces to create a moisture surfaces because land is more dry than water

Question 17

dispersal

Answer 17

in water, sperm can directly swim to eggs, but on land, plants had to find new ways to spread their offspring

Question 18

what challenge did plants face with light competition on land?

Answer 18

other plants shaded them, limiting light availability

Question 19

what was developed on land for reproduction?

Answer 19

seeds, spores, pollen which could travel through wind

Question 20

C02 abundant but waxy surfaces impede absorption - pores for gas exchange

Answer 20

wax covering prevents water loss but prevents CO2 from entering, therefore, pores evolved that lets gas in and out while reducing water loss

Question 21

resource transport

Question 22

what adaptation helped plants overcome these challenges?

Answer 22

roots and shoots
apical growth
vascular tissue

Question 23

roots and shoots

Answer 23

help plants grow and anchor to the ground

Question 24

apical growth

Answer 24

continuous cell division for growth

Question 25

vascular tissue

Answer 25

allowed plants to transport water and grow taller

Question 26

what is the main characteristic of nonvascular plants?

Answer 26

they lack vascular tissue and rely on water for reproduction

Question 27

what is the dominant life stage in nonvascular plants?

Answer 27

the gametophyte (haploid, n) stage

Question 28

what are the two types of multicellular gametangia?

Answer 28

antheridia
archegonia

Question 29

antheridia

Answer 29

produces sperm

Question 30

archegonia

Answer 30

produces egg and is the site of fertilization

Question 31

where are walled spores produced?

Answer 31

in sporangia, which help protect spores from drying out on land

Question 32

what are the two main types of vascular tissue in plants?

Answer 32

xylem
phloem

Question 33

xylem

Answer 33

transports h20 from roots to rest of the cell

Question 34

what is the structure of xylem

Answer 34

tube-shaped cells that contain lignin

Question 35

phloem

Answer 35

transports organics products throughout the plant

Question 36

what are the functions of roots?

Answer 36

penetrate soil, absorb, nutrients and water, anchor plants, store nutrients