lesson 10 - sex

Question 1

what are the different types of asexual reproduction?

Answer 1

binary fission, budding, fragmentation, parthenogenesis

Question 2

how do microtubules function in mitosis?

Answer 2

they form the spindle, which pulls chromosomes apart

Question 3

what happens to the nucleus during eukaryotic mitosis?

Answer 3

the nuclear envelope breaks down

Question 4

what is isogamy?

Answer 4

fusion of similar gametes that are morphologically similar

Question 5

fragmentation

Answer 5

broken pieces of an organism grow into new individuals

(if a starfish loses an arm, that arm can sometimes grow into a whole new starfish)

Question 6

budding

Answer 6

small organism grows from the parent through budding. once fully developed, the new Hydra breaks off and starts living independently

Question 7

how do bacteria divide?

Answer 7

binary fission, where origins of replication move to opposite poles

Question 8

binary fission

Answer 8

parent cell duplicates its DNA and splits into two identical daughter cells

Question 9

parthenogenesis

Answer 9

having babies without needing males because females can lay eggs on her own

Question 10

what is the haplodiplontic life cycle?

Answer 10

organism alternates between haploid and diploid multicellular stages

Question 11

what are the three main life history patterns in sexual reproduction?

Answer 11

diplontic, haplontic, and haplodiontic

Question 12

why doesn’t asexual reproduction enhance genetic variation?

Answer 12

because it produces clonal offspring without recombination

Question 13

what is a diplontic life cycle?

Answer 13

diploid phases dominates

Question 14

what is a haplontic life cycle?

Answer 14

haploid phase dominates

Question 15

why are haplontic life cycle beneficial?

Answer 15

fewer chromosomes = fewer mutations

Question 16

what stage is sporophyte?

Answer 16

diploid stage

Question 17

what stage is gametophyte?

Answer 17

haploid

Question 18

what does sporophytes produce?

Answer 18

spores

Question 19

what do gametophyte produce?

Answer 19

gametes

Question 20

why are diplontic life cycles beneficial?

Answer 20

two copies of chromosomes = more mutations

Question 21

what is sexual dimorphism?

Answer 21

differences in physical traits between males and females due to sexual selection

Question 22

what are the two types of sexual selection?

Answer 22

intersexual selection and intersexual selection

Question 23

intrasexual selection

Answer 23

competition between members of the same sex for mates

Question 24

intersexual selection

Answer 24

mate choice, where one sex selects mates based on a preferred trait

Question 25

what is an example of male competition for mates?

Answer 25

agonistic behaviour, where males compete in contests to gain access to females

Question 26

how do females drive sexual selection?

Answer 26

by choosing mates with desirable traits

Question 27

what are the main types of sexual reproduction strategies?

Answer 27

dioecious, monoecious, hermaphroditic

Question 28

dioecious

Answer 28

separate male and female organisms

Question 29

monoecious

Answer 29

one organism produces both gametes

Question 30

hermaphroditic

Answer 30

can self-fertilize

Question 31

what are the three main mating systems?

Answer 31

monogamy, polygamy, and polyandry

Question 32

monogamy

Answer 32

one male and one female

Question 33

polygyny

Answer 33

one male mates with many females

Question 34

polyandry

Answer 34

one female mates with many males

Question 35

what are the three main types of sexual reproduction?

Answer 35

isogamy, anisogamy, and oogamy

Question 36

fusion of similar gametes, high quantity, low investment

Answer 36

isogamy

Question 37

parents makes two different types of cells

Answer 37

anisogamy and oogamy

Question 38

what is the function of meiosis?

Answer 38

reduces chromosomes number, so babies don't have too many chromosomes

Question 39

what is the function of fertilization?

Answer 39

restores diploid chromosome number

Question 40

true or false - eukaryotes have circular chromosomes

Answer 40

false - eukaryotes have linear chromosomes

Question 41

why is a haplontic cycle beneficial in stable environments?

Answer 41

fewer chromosomes means fewer mutations (if the environment is already stable, they do not need much changes)

Question 42

why is a diplontic cycle beneficial in changing environments?

Answer 42

two copies of each gene allow masking of harmful mutations

Question 43

how does haplodiplontic cycle help organisms adapt?

Answer 43

different stages can thrive in different environments, reducing competition

Question 44

why are complex species typically diploid?

Answer 44

more cells mean more chances for mutations, which diploidy can mask

Question 45

what happens to somatic mutations in diploids?

Answer 45

they are not passed to offspring and are often masked by a second copy