Lesson 12: Informal Fallacies Flashcards
A correct argument should consist of premises that are related to the conclusion in such a way that the assumed ________ of the premises provides good grounds for assenting to the conclusion
truth
A ________ is an argument that appears to be correct, but incorrect upon closer inspection
fallacy
Fallacy is derived from the Latin term fallere which means “_____________”
to deceive
_______ fallacies are categorized into two types: fallacies of relevance and fallacies of weak induction
Informal
_____________ are arguments whose premises are not relevant to the conclusion
Fallacies of relevance
Argumentum _____________ is a fallacy of relevance in which the instrument of persuasion is the appeal to force or threat to a person’s security
ad baculum
Argumentum _____________ is a fallacy of relevance in which the instrument of persuasion is appeal to pity to support a statement
ad misericordiam
Argumentum _____________ is a fallacy of relevance in which the instrument of persuasion is emotion-laden terminology emphasizing the “Majority is always right”
ad populum
Argumentum ad populum is also known as the ______________ fallacy
mob appeal
Argumentum ad populum is a fallacy that upholds the need for ___________
belonging
Argumentum _____________ is a fallacy of relevance in which the instrument of persuasion is discrediting the person
ad hominem
The _____________ type of argumentum ad hominem involves attacking the character of the person or pointing facts that elicit negative reactions toward him
abusive
The abusive type of argumentum ad hominem is also known as __________ the well
poisoning
The ________ type of argumentum ad hominem involves discrediting the person because the circumstances of that person’s life are such that he or she could be expected to hold exactly those views
circumstantial
The __________________ type of argumentum ad hominem involves the attempt to defend oneself against some accusation by making a countercharge at the accuser
tu quoque
___________________ is a fallacy of relevance which involves distortion or exaggeration of another person s argument as if that is really the claim the other person is making.
Straw man
Fallacies of ________________________ are arguments whose premises do not make their conclusions very probable but that are nevertheless often successful in convincing people of their conclusions.
weak induction
Argumentum ad verecundiam is a fallacy of weak induction in which an appeal is made to who do not have the proper _______________ or legitimate claim to the matter at hand.
authority
Argumentum _________________________ is a fallacy of weak induction in which a given statement is accepted as true simply because it cannot be proven false and vice-versa.
ad ignorantiam
___________________ is a fallacy of weak induction in which an event is mistaken to cause a given effect (i.e., no established causal relationship).
Post hoc
Post Hoc is also known as __________________ .
False cause
_________________________ is a fallacy of weak induction that involves leaving a possibly false key premise and creating the illusion that nothing else is needed to establish the conclusion.
Petitio principii
Petitio Principii is also known as __________________ .
begging the question
________________________ is a fallacy of weak induction that is committed when two or more questions are asked in the guise of a single question and a single answer is then given to both of them.
Complex question
