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Network+ > Lesson 12: Ensuring Network Availability > Flashcards

Lesson 12: Ensuring Network Availability Flashcards

1
Q

Define SSH (Secure Shell)

A

Application protocol supporting secure tunneling and remote terminal emulation and file copy (SFTP). SSH runs over TCP port 22.

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2
Q

What is a SSH host key?

A

A public/private key pair used to identify an SSH server

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3
Q

What purpose does an SSH host key serve?

A

To identify the SSH server and set up a secure channel for the client to submit authentication credentials

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4
Q

What are the various methods to authenticate with an SSH server?

A
  1. Username/password
  2. Public key authentication
  3. Kerberos
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5
Q

What commands starts the SSH server on a device?

A

sshd

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6
Q

What command creates a host key?

A

ssh-keygen

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7
Q

What command is used to store private keys?

A

ssh-agent

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8
Q

What command is used to connect a ssh client to a host?

A

ssh hostname or IP

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9
Q

What command is used to transfer a file using ssh?

A

scp Username@Host:RemoteFile /Local/Destination

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10
Q

What is Telnet?

A

Application protocol supporting unsecure terminal emulation for remote host management. Telnet runs over TCP port 23.

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11
Q

Why is Telnet unsecure?

A

Telnet connections are not encrypted and are vulnerable to packet sniffing and replay

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12
Q

What port does RDP use?

A

TCP port 3389

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13
Q

Define Network Time Protocol (NTP)

A

Application protocol allowing machines to synchronize to the same time clock that runs over UDP port 123

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14
Q

How do client hosts receive time?

A

Using Simple NTP (SNTP) over UDP port 123; can’t act as a time source

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15
Q

What windows command is used to configure NTP?

A

w32tm

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16
Q

What is the file to configure for NTP in linux?

A

/etc/ntp.conf

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17
Q

Define a bottleneck

A

Troubleshooting issue where performance for a whole network or system is constrained by the performance of a single link, device, or subsystem

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18
Q

Define Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)

A

Application protocol used for monitoring and managing network devices. SNMP works over UDP ports 161 and 162 by default

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19
Q

What is needed for SNMP?

A

SNMP Agents and a SNMP monitor

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20
Q

What is the purpose of an SNMP agent?

A

Installed on a device for monitoring/management, maintains a Management Information Database (MIB) that holds device statistics referred to by a numeric object identifier (OID)

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21
Q

What is a Object Identifiers (OID)

A

A unique numeric value assigned to each statistic stored in a management information database (MIB)

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22
Q

How is an SNMP agent configured?

A

With the community name of the computers allowed to manage the agent and the IP address or hostname of the server running the management system

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23
Q

What is the function of a community name?

A

Acts as a password

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24
Q

Define an SNMP monitor

A

A management software that allows to oversee network activity by polling agents for data for their management information databases (MIB)

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25
Q

What are the two ways an SNMP monitor can poll data from a SNMP agent?

A
  1. Get
  2. Trap
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26
Q

What is the get function in a SNMP monitor?

A

The software queries the agent for a single object identifier (OID) at regular intervals

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27
Q

What is the trap function in a SNMP monitor?

A

The agent informs the monitor of a notable event once a set threshold is reached

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28
Q

What port does the SNMP monitor use for the get functnction?

A

UDP port 161

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29
Q

What port does the trap function use for a SNMP monitor?

A

UDP port 162

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30
Q

What do system logs typically contain?

A

Records startup events, changes to the OS, kernel processes, and driver

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31
Q

What do application logs typically contain?

A

Data from specific services such as DNS, HTTP

32
Q

What do audit logs typically contain?

A

authentication attempts, privilege authorization/escalation

33
Q

Define a log collector

A

Aggregates event messages from devices that are configured to send logs to it

34
Q

Define Syslog

A

Application protocol and event logging format enabling different appliances and software applications to transmit logs or event records to a central server

35
Q

What port does Syslog use?

A

UDP port 514

36
Q

What is the range of syslog severity levels?

A

1-7

37
Q

What is a logging level configuration?

A

determines the level at which events are recorded or forwarded on each host

38
Q

What is a heartbeat test?

A

A mechanism that probes a device to ensure it is available

39
Q

Define Quality of Service (QoS)

A

The use of mechanisms or technologies that control network traffic and ensure the performance of critical applications with limited network capacity

40
Q

What functions does Quality of Service (QoS) offer?

A

Prioritize traffic, which includes offering dedicated bandwidth, controlled jitter, and lower latency.

41
Q

How can latency be tested?

A
  1. Ping
  2. Pathping
  3. mtr
42
Q

Define Jitter

A

Defined as being a variation in the delay. Jitter manifests itself as an inconsistent rate of packet delivery. Jitter is also measured in milliseconds

43
Q

What is the max latency for VoIP to function properly?

A

150 ms, 300ms round trip time (RTT)

44
Q

What are the network components Quality of Service (QoS)?

A
  1. Control plane
  2. Data plane
  3. Management plane
45
Q

Define control plane in Quality of Service (QoS)

A

Determines how traffic should be prioritized and where is should be switched/routed

46
Q

Define data plane in Quality of Service (QoS)

A

Performs switching/routing of traffic

47
Q

Define management plane in Quality of Service (QoS)

A

Monitors traffic conditions

48
Q

What appliance/software is used to apply QoS functions?

A

A traffic shaper

49
Q

What tools can be used to measure network throughput?

A
  1. iperf
  2. Ttcp
  3. bwping
50
Q

How can throughput be mesaured manually?

A
  1. Transfer a file between two hosts, record the file size and the time it takes
  2. Take the file size and convert to bits, then divide that number by the amount of seconds it took for the file transfer to complete
51
Q

Define a top talker

A

Interfaces that generate the most outgoing traffic in terms of bandwidth

52
Q

Define a top listener

A

Interfaces that receive the most incoming traffic

53
Q

What are two bandwidth speed testing tools?

A
  1. Broadband speed checker/test
  2. Website performance checker
54
Q

Define a broadband speed checker

A

Test how fast the local broadband link to the internet is; tests downlink and uplink speeds using latency ping

55
Q

Define a website performance checker

A

Queries a website to work out how quickly pages load

56
Q

What is NetFlow

A

A packet analyzer that measures network stats

57
Q

What are the three components of NetFlow?

A
  1. Exporter
  2. Collector
  3. Analyzer
58
Q

What is the NetFlow exporter function?

A

Configured on network appliances (switch/router/firewall), and creates a “traffic flow” from each device defined by IP source and destination and protocol type

59
Q

What is the NetFlow collector function?

A

Aggregates flows from multiple exporters

60
Q

What is the NetFlow analyzer function?

A

Reports and intercepts information by querying the collector, can also be used to generate alerts/notification

61
Q

What is link state?

A

Measures whether an interface is up or down

62
Q

What is the reset metric?

A

The number of times an interface has restarted over the counter period

63
Q

What is the utilization metric?

A

Data transferred over a period of time, measured in bits per second or as a percentage of available bandwidth

64
Q

What is error rate?

A

The number of packets per second that cause errors

65
Q

What causes an interface to discard/drop packets/frames?

A

checksum errors, mismatched MTUs, packets that are too small (runts) or too large (giants), high load, or configuration errors

66
Q

What are the typical causes of a Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) error?

A

Interferance/attenuation, poor cable quality, termination, mismatch cable types

67
Q

What is an encapsulation error?

A

When frame format is not expected on a link.

68
Q

What causes encapsulation error?

A
  1. Incorrect ethernet/WAN frame type
  2. Ethernet trunk interfaces don’t use the same format
69
Q

How many different traffic classes can be defined by 802.1Q Quality of Service?

A

8 different traffic classes

70
Q

What does a syslog alert with code 2 represent?

A

Critical level

71
Q

What does a syslog alert with code 5 represent?

A

A notice indicating that current state could lead to error

72
Q

What does a syslog alert with code 1 represent?

A

A fault requiring immediate remediation; Critical Error

73
Q

What does a syslog alert with code 3 represent?

A

Indicates a non-urgent fault

74
Q

What is sufficient bandwidth for VoIP?

A

100Kbps

74
Q

Define latency

A

the time it takes for a transmission to reach the recipient, measured in milliseconds (ms)

74
Q

Define Bandwidth

A

Referred to as the amount of data that can transmitted (measured in Mbps or Gbps)

Network+ (19 decks)

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