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A-Level Psychology > Lesson 11 - Ultradian and Infradian Rhythms > Flashcards

Lesson 11 - Ultradian and Infradian Rhythms Flashcards

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1
Q

What do ultradian rhythms span?

A

A period of less than 24 hours

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2
Q

What is an example of an ultradian rhythm?

A

Five sleep stages

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3
Q

What pattern does human sleep follow?

A

Alternates between REM, stage 5

and NREM, stages 1-4

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4
Q

How often does the human sleep cycle repeat?

A

Every 90 minutes

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5
Q

What does EEG stand for?

A

Electroencephalogram

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6
Q

What does a EEG measure?

A

General activity in the brain

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7
Q

How is an EEG done?

A

Electrodes are placed on the scalp and measure neuronal activity directly below

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8
Q

What does each sleep stage show?

A

A distinct EEG pattern

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9
Q

What happens as a person enters deep sleep?

A

Brainwaves slow and breathing and heart rate decreases

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10
Q

What is the EEG pattern of REM sleep?

A

It resembles that of an awake person

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11
Q

What happens during REM sleep?

A

Dreaming

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12
Q

Which sleep stage is REM sleep?

A

Stage five

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13
Q

What does NREM stand for?

A

Non-Rapid Eye Movement

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14
Q

What does BRAC stand for?

A

Basic Rest Activity Cycle

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15
Q

Who talked about BRAC?

A

Kleitman 1969

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16
Q

What is BRAC?

A

Name of the 90 minute cycle found during sleep and wakefulness

17
Q

What did Kleitman suggest about BRAC?

A

He suggested 90 minute cycle continues when we are awake

18
Q

What happens to human activity during the day?

A

We progressively move from a state of alertness to physiological fatigue

19
Q

What do studies show about the human mind?

A

We can focus for about 90 minutes

Near the end of the 90 minutes the body begins to run out of resources

Results in loss of concentration, fatigue and hunger

20
Q

Ericsson et al
2006
Ultradian rhythms
+

A

Studied elite violinists and found group practice sessions were limited to 90 minutes at a time

Violinists frequently napped to recover from practise; the best violinists napping more

Same pattern found among WAC; writers, athletics and chess players

Fits with BRAC

21
Q

Tucker et al
2007
Ultradian rhythms
+

A

Individual differences in ultradian rhythms which are biologically determined and may be genetic in origin

Participants studied over 11 consecutive days in a lab environment

Sleep duration, time taken to fall asleep and amount of time in each sleep stage was assessed

Differences found in all characteristics

22
Q

What do infradian rhythms span?

A

A period of longer than 24 hours

23
Q

What is an example of an infradian rhythm?

A

Menstrual cycle

24
Q

How long does the menstrual cycle last?

A

Around a month

25
Q

What did Refinetti 2006 found out about the menstrual cycle?

A

Variations in the cycle length

Some women experience a 23 day cycle and others a 36 day cycle

26
Q

What is the average number of days for a menstrual cycle?

A

28 days

27
Q

What regulates the menstrual cycle?

A

Hormones

28
Q

When does ovulation occur?

A

Oestrogen levels are at their peak

Roughly halfway through the menstrual cycle

29
Q

How long does ovulation last?

A

16-32 hours

30
Q

What happens AFTER ovulation?

A

Progesterone levels increase

In preparation for a possible embryo implantation in uterus

31
Q

Penton-Voak
1999
Infradian rhythms
+

A

Infradian rhythms can affect behaviour

Found women prefer feminised male faces when choosing a partner in long-term relationship

Masculinised faces preferred during ovulation

32
Q

Pheromones evaluation

Infradian rhythms

-

A

Menstrual cycle is not governed by infradian rhythm alone

No oral contraceptives + several women of childbearing age live together = menstrual cycles synchronise

Samples of sweat collected from one group of women and rubbed onto the upper lip of another group of women; their menstrual cycles synchronised

Suggests pheromones affect synchronisation

33
Q

What are pheromones?

A

A chemical substance produced and released into the environment by an animal which affects the behaviour of others of the same species

A-Level Psychology (17 decks)

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