Lesson 1.1 - Thyroid Anat Flashcards
Transducer frequency
7.5-15.0
**Thyroid gland is in front of (2) and at the level of what 4 vertebrae
In front of the larynx and trachea at the level of the 5th, 6th, and 7th cervical and 1st thoracic vertebrae
Is the thyroid vascular
yes
**Lingual thyroid 2 features
Thyroid tissue embedded in tongue
No thyroid gland in the neck
Usually asymptomatic
*Arterial blood supply to thyroid
superior + inferior thyroid arteries
*the superior thyroid artery is a branch of what
superior thy = external carotid artery
*the inferior thyroid artery is a branch of what
inferior thy = subclavian artery
*thyroid veins drain into
the internal jugular veins
*Innervation of thyroid and location
Recurrent laryngeal nerve -
on right side lies near inferior thyroid artery
*what lies lateral to the thyroid gland
CCA and SCM muscles
*what lies posterior to the thyroid gland
longus coli muscles
*what lies anterior to the thyroid gland
strap muscles
*where are the jugular veins in relation to the thyroid gland
anterolaterally
what is the role of iodine with the thyroid
iodine = formation of thyroxine (T4) and tri-iodothyronine (T3)
*Explain pathway of how T3 and T4 is released into the blood
Hypothalamus stimulates secretion of TRH (thyrotroponin releasing hormone)
Activates the anterior pituitary to release TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)
Activates release of T3 and T4 into blood from the thyroid
*What is the role of T3 and T4 in the body
Increasing metabolic rate/ regulating metabolism
Organs (2) and systems (4) most influenced by thyroid hormones
Skeletal system* nervous system* digestive system reproductive system heart skin
Symptoms of hyperthyroidism
Increased metabolic rate Anxiety Hair loss Diarrhea Exophthalmos (bulging eyes) in Graves' disease
Symptoms of hypothyroidism
Decreased metabolic rate Weight gain, anorexia Depression, psychosis Dry skin, brittle hair Constipation
*What is the first line test for assessment for thyroid function
TSH
*High levels of TSH indicate
hypothyroidism
*Suppressed levels of TSH indicate
hyperthyroidism
*What is investigated as an adjunct to TSH for thyroid function
T4 (free less sensitive however)
Other markers for thyroid function (specifically Hashimoto’s or Grave’s disease)
Elevated anti-TPO Ab
antibody
What is TPO in anti-TPO Ab
Thyroid peroxidase
Enzyme made by thyroid converts T4 to T3
Presence indicates prior attack on thyroid tissue by body’s immune system (autoimmune disease)
*Parathyroid gland what does it secrete and main function
secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH) which increases blood Ca when it’s low
*Hormones that maintain blood calcium (2)
Parathyroid hormone and calcitonin
What is the procedure of choice in the evaluation of thyroid nodules? What does it categorize tissues into? (5)
Fine needle aspiration
Categorizes tissue into: malignant benign thyroiditis follicular neoplasm suspicious/non-diagnostic
*Nuculear imaging of the thyroid is used to
Distinguish the nodule as hot, warm or cold
*what does a cold nodule do and indicate?
take up minimal amounts of isotope
indicates hypofunctional or non-functional thyroid tissue
*what does a warm nodule indicate?
normal thyroid function (gray)
*what do hot nodules indicate
takes up excessive amounts of isotope
indicates autonomously functioning nodule (very dark)
Benefit of fine needle aspiration
decreased unnecessary operative procedures in pts with benign nodules
increased probability that surgery will be performed on those with malignant disease
