Lesson 11 - Learning to Become a Better Student Flashcards
Three forms of Environment
- Physical environment
- Social environment
- Cultural Environment
affects all areas of our health and safety conditions
Physical environment
includes our family and other people we come into contact with daily
Social environment
includes the language used during family interaction, the food we eat, the customs and traditions of the place we come from, or the religious group we belong
Cultural Environment
Is defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior that is brought about by experience
Learning
Stated that learning is defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior that is brought about by experience
Feldman, 2013
presented the three main types of learning
They assert that more than one type of learning can operate simultaneously in the same situation.
Cacioppo & Freberg
3 Types of Learning
A. Associative Learning
B. Non-associative Learning
C. Observational Learning
occurs when we make a connection or an association between two events
Associative Learning
process of learning the associations
Conditioning
Two forms of associative learning
- classical conditioning
- operant conditioning
A famous research done by Ivan Pavlov
Classical Conditioning
researched classical conditioning
Ivan Pavlov
It is forming associations between pairs of stimuli that occur sequentially in time
Classical Conditioning
refers to something that must be learned
Conditioned
refers to factors that are reflexive or that occur without any learning
Unconditioned
refers to an environmental event whose significance is learned
conditioned stimulus (CS)
has innate, built-in meaning to the organism
unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
are learned reactions
conditioned responses (CRs)
don’t need to be learned; they appear without prior experience with a stimulus
unconditioned responses
don’t need to be learned; they appear without prior experience with a stimulus
unconditioned responses
The definition of learning requires ___, so the appearance of ___ tells us that learning has occurred
behavior to change
conditioned responses
Examples of conditioned responses
- avoidance of dentist that we associate with pain
- feeling dizzy or nauseated when seeing a BUS which entails long travel
Classical conditioning also explains emotional responses, such as
- fears of cockroaches, mice, spiders and other creatures that are typically harmless
- student associate presentation to the large audience with negative emotions and anxiety which hinder performance
- smell of certain perfume brings happy emotions
It is forming associations between behaviors and their consequences. Increasing behaviors that isfollowed with rewards
Operant Conditioning
Different from Classical Conditioning; original behaviours are natural, biological responses to the presence of a stimulus such as food, water, or pain
Operant Conditioning
Voluntary responses, which an organism performs deliberately to produce a desirable outcome
Operant Conditioning
is a process by which a stimulus increases the probability of a preceding behavior to be repeated
Reinforcement
is any stimulus that increases the probability that a preceding behavior will occur again
reinforcer
refers to a stimulus that decreases the probability that a prior behavior will occur again
Punishment
A stimulus added to the environment that brings about an increase in a preceding response
Positive Reinforcer
Refers to an unpleasant stimulus whose removal leads to an increase in the probability that a preceding response will be repeated in the future
Negative Reinforcer
Weakens a response through the application of unpleasant stimulus
Positive Punishment
It consists of the removal of something pleasant
Negative Punishment
Involves changes in the magnitude of responses to a single stimulus rather than the formation of connections between stimuli
Non-Associative Learning
two types of non-associative learning
- Habituation
- Sensitization
Reduces our reactions to repeated experiences that have already been evaluated and found to be unchanging and harmless.
Habituation
Increases our reactions to a wide range of stimuli following exposure to one strong stimulus
Sensitization
Is also called imitation or modeling
Observational Learning
It is a learning that occurs when a person observes and imitates behavior
Observational Learning
Four main processes of observational learning
attention
retention
motor reproduction
reinforcement
is needed to reproduce the model’s actions
attention
To attend to what the model is saying or doing
attention
Characteristics of the model can influence ___
attention
Is done by encoding the information and keeping it in memory so that you can retrieve it
Retention
It is the process of imitating the model’s actions
Motor Reproduction
It is observing whether the model’s behavior is followed by a consequence
Reinforcement
Is commonly defined as “thinking about thinking”
Metacognition
awareness and understanding of one’s thinking and cognitive processes
Metacognition
It helps individual better manage cognitive skills which lead to identification on one’s weaknesses which can be corrected thus constructing new cognitive skills
Metacognition
Uses of metacognition
- Helps students plan, monitor, and modify their mathematical problem-solving
- helps promotes autonomy and resiliency
Metacognitive Strategies
Self-instruction
Self-monitoring
Talking one’s self through a task or activity (also known as self-talk)
Self-instruction
“Did I understand what I just read? No, I didn’t. I need to reread the problem.”∙
“What is this problem asking? What information do I have?”∙“
What is the next step?”
Self-instruction
Checking one’s performance; often involves a checklist
Self-monitoring
Checking to make sure all steps are completed∙
Checking for computational errors∙
Checking to make sure the answer is feasible
Self-monitoring
Why Set Goals?
The first step of successful goal achievement is goal setting.
The theory explains that people can have different mindsets towards different aspects of their lives, like intelligence and learning.
Mindset Theory
Pioneered the mindset theory
Carol Dweck
Types of Mindset
Fixed Mindset
Growth Mindset
Those who attribute their successes on innate ability hold a “fixed” theory of intelligence
Fixed Mindset
Majority of people who are ___ do not set another goal after a setback because they are easily discouraged. They also see feedback as criticisms rather than an opportunity for self-growth, and they easily give up.
fixed mindset
Those who attribute their accomplishments on learning, effort, training, and practice, hold a “growth” theory of intelligence
Growth Mindset
Majority of individuals who possess a ___ strive harder despite of challenges, and see feedback constructively to better improve next time
growth mindset
It states that goal setting is essentially linked to task performance.
Goal Setting Theory
Specific and challenging goals along with appropriate feedback contribute to higher and better task performance
Goal Setting Theory
pioneered the goal setting theory
Edwin Locke
5 Effective Goal Setting Principles
- Clarity
- Challenge
- Commitment
- Feedback
- Task complexity
5 Effective Goal Setting Principles
- Clarity
- Challenge
- Commitment
- Feedback
- Task complexity
a clear, measurable goal is more achievable than one that is poorly defined. When the goal is clear, you will know what you are trying to achieve.
Clarity
The more challenging the goals are, the more people become motivated. However, it is important to consider a careful balance to ensure the right degree of challenge
Challenge
This means putting deliberate effort into attaining the goal you set
Commitment
Other than setting a goal, it is also good to listen to feedback on how you are progressing towards the attainment of your goal.
Feedback
The more you set challenging goals, the more complex the process will become. If the goal becomes complex, it is helpful to break down larger tasks into smaller, more attainable steps, so as not to become overwhelmed as you go along the way
Task complexity
SMART GOAL
Specific
Measurable
Achievable
Relevant
Time-bound
I have to increase my scores during examination to increase my overall average to qualify for an academic scholarship.
Specific
My scores during minor and major examinations have to reach 95% of the total score per exam.
Measurable
I will ask my classmates who do well in Chemistry and Physics to teach me on the topics that I don’t clearly understand.
Achievable
I will reduce the financial requirements every semester. Better grades will also open more opportunities for me.
Relevant
I have four days to prepare for the quiz in Chemistry and five days to prepare for Physics; four weeks to prepare for the midterm so I have plenty of time to do personal study, and meet my classmates and teachers to help me with my weak points in these courses.
Time-bound
Goal Setting Tips:
Write Down your Goals
Stick With your Goals
