LESSON 10: PROTEINS

Question 1

A compounds of CARBON, HYDROGEN, OXYGEN AND NITROGEN arranged into amino acids linked in a chain; 20 different amino acids,

Answer 1

PROTEINS

Question 2

Has the same basic structure: a central carbon atom with a hydrogen (H) group, an amino group (NH2), and an acid group (COOH) attached to it

Answer 2

AMINO ACID

Question 3

3 According to Essentiality

Answer 3

• ESSENTIAL AA
• SEMI-ESSENTIAL AA
• NONESSENTIAL AA

Question 4

That the body cannot make at all or cannot make in sufficient quantity to meet its needs

Ex: Isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, valine

Answer 4

essential aa

Question 5

Are those whose rate of synthesis in the body is inadequate to support growth and are therefore needed by young animals

Ex: Arginine, histidine

Answer 5

SEMI-ESSENTIAL

Question 6

Can be synthesized in the body in sufficient amounts

EX: Alanine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cystine, cysteine, glutamic acid, glutamine, glycine,
hydroxyproline, proline, serine, tyrosine

Answer 6

NONESSENTIAL AA

Question 7

Found in short supply relative to need

Answer 7

“Limiting” Amino Acids

Question 8

Have one amino group and carboxyl group

Answer 8

Neutral AA

Question 9

Have additional NH2 group attached

Answer 9

Basic AA

Question 10

Have additional COOH group attached

Answer 10

Acidic AA

Question 11

Is the amino nitrogen that forms part of a ring structure

Answer 11

Imino acids

Question 12

Give the 3 types of Neutral AA

Answer 12

• Aliphatic AA
• Aromatic AA
• Sulfur-containing AA

Question 13

Have straight or branched chains of carbon atoms & other substituents

Answer 13

Aliphatic AA

Question 14

Amino acids that has aromatic rings attached

Answer 14

Aromatic AA

Question 15

Amino acid that contains sulfur as a substituent

Answer 15

Sulfur-containing AA

Question 16

Amino acid that can be catabolized or broken down to form glucose or glycogen

Answer 16

Glucogenic AA

Question 17

Amino acid that can be catabolized to form ketone bodies

Answer 17

Ketogenic AA

Question 18

According to Shape of Protein
- Coiled or ellipsoidal-shaped
- Insulin, albumin, globulin, etc.

Answer 18

Globular

Question 19

According to Shape of Protein
- Helical peptide chains
- Elastin, fibrin, collagen, etc.

Answer 19

Fibrous

Question 20

Some AMINO ACIDS can be converted to GLUCOSE via GLUCONEOGENESIS

TRUE OR FALSE

Answer 20

TRUE

Question 21

✓ sulfur-containing amino acid formed from methionine;
✓ abundant in human milk;
✓ needed for retinal and visual function, brain development and stability of
central nervous system activity

Answer 21

Taurine

Question 22

✓ Formed from methionine & lysine
✓ Converts acyl compounds (products of fat metabolism) to less toxic forms and removes them from the cell

Answer 22

Carnitine

Question 23

Exerts oncotic pressure for water balance

Answer 23

ALBUMIN

Question 24

Transports lipids

Answer 24

LIPOPROTEINS

Question 25

Involved in immune response

Answer 25

GLOBULINS

Question 26

Necessary for blood clotting

Answer 26

Fibrinogen

Question 27

For muscle contraction

Answer 27

ACTIN AND MYOSIN

Question 28

from dietary protein (EXOGENOUS OR ENDOGENOUS)

Answer 28

EXOGENOUS

Question 29

from tissue breakdown ( EXOGENOUS OR ENDOGENOUS)

Answer 29

ENDOGENOUS

Question 30

Involves the breakdown of AA into their component parts e.g. formation of glucose or KB whenever necessary

Answer 30

Catabolism

Question 31

Recommended intake OF PROTEIN

Answer 31

10-15% OF TER

Question 32

Give the 3 classification of AMINO ACID

Answer 32

ACCORDING TO ESSENTIALITY ACCORDING TO CHEMICAL PROPERTY ACCORDING TO METABOLISM

Question 33

Give the ACCORDING TO ESSENTIALITY of Amino Acid

Answer 33

- Essential AA (body cannot make) - Semi-essential AA (body is inadequate to support growth and needed by young animals) - Non-essential AA ( synthesized in the body)

Question 34

Give the ACCORDING TO CHEMICAL PROPERTY of Amino Acid

Answer 34

- Neutral AA (one amino group and carboxyl group) - Basic AA (additional NH2) - Acidic AA (additional COOH) - Imino acids (amino nitrogen that forms part of a ring structure)

Question 35

Give the 3 types of Neutral Amino Acid

Answer 35

- Aliphatic Amino Acid (straight or branched chains of carbon atoms) - Aromatic Amino Acid (have aromatic rings attached) - Sulfur-containing Amino Acid (Contain sulfur)

Question 36

Give the ACCORDING TO METABOLISM of Amino Acid

Answer 36

- Glucogenic Amino Acid (catabolized or broken down) - Ketogenic Amino Acid (can be catabolized to form ketone bodies) - Both ketogenic and glucogenic AA (Isoleucine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, tyrptophan)

Question 37

Give the three Classification of Proteins

Answer 37

- According to physicochemical properties - According to Shape - According to AA Content

Question 38

METABOLISM - Amino acids pass through PORTAL VEIN into LIVER → maintains normal levels of amino acid nitrogen in the blood (4-6 mg/dL) TRUE OR FALSE

Answer 38

TRUE

Question 39

One gram nitrogen = _____ dietary protein

Answer 39

6.25g

Question 40

FOOD SOURCES of AA and Proteins

Answer 40

ANIMAL AND PLANT SOURCES

Question 41

Protein Deficiency leads to (Kwashiorkor or Marasmus) and what age?

Answer 41

Kwashiorkor (1-6 years old)

Question 42

At nitrogen equilibrium: N ____ = N_____

Answer 42

INTAKE OUTPUT

Question 43

At positive N balance: N intake (>,<) N output

Answer 43

- N intake > N output - Growth, pregnancy, rehabilitation from illness

Question 44

At negative N balance: N intake (>, <) N output

Answer 44

- N intake < N output - Illness, malnutrition

Question 45

Involves the incorporation of AA in the synthesis of tissue proteins

Answer 45

Anabolism

Question 46

Give the three physicochemical properties of proteins

Answer 46

- Simple (Degraded to AA upon hydrolysis) - Compound/ conjugated (simple proteins combined with a nonprotein) - Derived (substances resulting from decomposition of simple & conjugated proteins)

Question 47

Give the two shape of proteins

Answer 47

- Globular (Coiled or ellipsoidal-shaped) - Fibrous (helical peptide chains)

Question 48

Give the three According to AA Content of proteins

Answer 48

- Complete (contains all the EAA) - Partially Complete (contains all the EAA but in limited amounts to support growth) - Incomplete (lacks one or more EAA)