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IT Foundations > Lesson 1: Objectives > Flashcards

Lesson 1: Objectives Flashcards

1
Q

USB 2.0 HighSpeed Standard specifies a data rate of ___ ____ shared between ___ _______ ________ to the same ____ __________

A

480 Mbps

All devices attached

Host controller

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2
Q

What is a bus with a half-duplex?

A

Each device can send or receive but not at the same time.

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3
Q

USB 3.2 Gen 1 has what transfer speed?

A

5 Gbps

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4
Q

USB 3.2 Gen 2x1 has what connection speed?

A

10 Gbps

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5
Q

USB 3.2 Gen 2x2 has what connection speed?

A

2 x 10 Gbps

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6
Q

What USB type has the legacy designation as USB 3.0?

A

USB 3.2 Gen 1

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7
Q

What 4 connectors does USB 3.2 Support?

A
  1. USB-A
  2. USB-B
  3. USB-C
  4. USB Micro
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8
Q

What 3 connectors does USB 3.2 Gen 2x1 Support?

A
  1. USB-A
  2. USB-C
  3. USB Micro
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9
Q

What single connector does USB 3.2 2x2 support?

A

USB-C

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10
Q

What 4 types of connectors does USB 2.0 Support?

A
  1. Type A
  2. Type B
  3. Type B Mini
  4. Type B Micro
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11
Q

USB 2.0 Type A: What is it used for?

A

Connection to the host and some types of peripheral device.

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12
Q

USB 2.0 Type A: What is the connector port shaped like?

A

Flat rectangles.

Should be inserted with the USB symbol facing up.

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13
Q

USB 2.0 Type B: What kind of connections is it used for?

A

Connection to large devices such as printers.

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14
Q

USB 2.0 Type B: What is the port shaped like?

A

The connector and port are square with a beveled top.

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15
Q

USB 2.0 Type B Mini: What kind of connections is it used for?

A

Smaller peripheral devices—used to be common with digital cameras but isn’t widely used anymore.

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16
Q

USB 2.0 Type B Micro: What kind of connections is it used for?

A

Updated for smaller devices such as smartphones and tablets.

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17
Q

In USB 3, there are new versions of the Type A, Type B, and Type B Micro connectors, what was updated / changed?

A

They include additional signaling pins and wires.

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18
Q

How are USB 3 receptacles and connectors often distinguished?

A

With blue connector tab or housing.

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19
Q

What kinds of USB 3 Types are compatible with USB 1.1 and 2.0 connections?

A

Type A connections.

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20
Q

What kinds of USB 3 Type connections are not compatible with USB 1.1 and 2.0 connections?

A

Type B/Type B Micro.

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21
Q

What is the maximum cable length for LowSpeed devices?

A

3 meters

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22
Q

What is the maximum cable length for FullSpeed and HighSpeed

A

5 meters

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23
Q

What is the max cable length for SuperSpeed cables?

A

No official maximum, but 3 meters is recommended.

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24
Q

Video Cable bandwidth is determined by what two main factors:

A
  1. Resolution of the image
  2. Speed at which the image is redrawn
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25
Q

How is Video Resolution measured?

A

In horizontal pixels by Vertical pixels.

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26
Q

What are the typical pixels of HD Format Resolution?

A

1920x1080

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27
Q

What are the typical pixels in typical 4K video?

A

3840x2160

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28
Q

How is the speed at which video images are redrawn measured?

A

hertz (Hz) or frames per second (fps)

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29
Q

What is the difference between fps and hertz for measuring video speed?

A

Fps is used to describe the video source while hertz is the refresh rate of the display device and video interface.

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30
Q

How would you avoid display artifacts in video such as ghosting and tearing?

A

The refresh rate should match the frame rate or be evenly divisible by it.

Ex: frame rate is 60fps and refresh rate is 120 hz should play smoothly

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31
Q

Acronym: LCD

A

Liquid crystal display

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32
Q

Acronym: TFT

A

Thin film transistor

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33
Q

What two types of display are seen in computer displays?

A
  1. LCD
  2. TFT
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34
Q

Acronym: HDMI

A

High-Definition Multimedia Interface

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35
Q

Acronym: HDCP

A

High-Bandwidth Digital Content Protection

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36
Q

HDMI supports: (4 answers)

A
  1. Video
  2. Audio
  3. Remote Control
  4. HDCP (High-Bandwidth Digital Content Protection)
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37
Q

What updates have been made to the original HDMI specifications?

(2 Answers)

A
  1. Support for high resolutions such as 4K and 8K
  2. Gaming Features such as ability to vary monitor refresh rate to match frame rate of video source
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38
Q

What are the HDMI Cable standards / categories?

2 answers

A
  1. Category 1: Standard
  2. Category 2: High Speed
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39
Q

What features does HDMI Category 2 Support that HDMI Category 1 does not?

A
  1. Greater cable lengths
  2. Required for v1.4 features such as 4k and refresh rates over 60Hz.
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40
Q

What do HDMI versions 2.0 and 2.1 Specify?

What are they and what are their speeds?

A

HDMI 2.0–Premium high speed up to 18 Gbps

HDMI 2.1–Ultra High Speed up to 48 Gbps

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41
Q

Definition: DisplayPort

A

Digital audio/video interface developed by VESA. Supports some cross-compatibility with DVI and HDMI devices.

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42
Q

What is the difference between HDMI and DisplayPort?

A

HDMI was developed by consumer electronic companies and requires a royalty to use.

DisplayPort was developed as a royalty-free standard by VESA.

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43
Q

What is one of the main advantages of DisplayPort over HDMI?

A

Support for Daisy-Chaining multiple monitors of the same video source.

Using multiple monitors with HDMI requires one video card port for each monitor.

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44
Q

Definition: What is Thunderbolt?

A

Can use used as a display interface (Like DisplayPort) and as a general peripheral interface (Like USB 3). The latest version uses USB-C connectors.

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45
Q

What kind of connector do Thunderbolt versions 1 and 2 use?

A

Same physical interface as MiniDP and are compatible with DisplayPort

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46
Q

How are Thunderbolt ports differentiated from DisplayPorts?

A

Thunderbolt ports have a lightning bolt / flash icon.

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47
Q

Thunderbolt Version 2 supports links of up to __ ____ (speed)

A

20 Gbps

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48
Q

What changed with Thunderbolt Version 3?

A

The physical interface connector is USB-C.

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49
Q

What speeds does Thunderbolt 3 support over short, high-quality cables?

A

40 Gbps

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50
Q

Definition: SATA

A

Standard means of connecting internal storage drives within a desktop PC.

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51
Q

What kind of cable does this represent?

A

SATA Cable

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52
Q

USB 3.0 Cable Types

A
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53
Q

How many pin connectors does a SATA cable have?

A

7 pins.

The separate power connector has 15-pins

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54
Q

SATA revision 3 supports connection speeds of

A

600 Mbps

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55
Q
A
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56
Q

What are Molex Connectors?

A

Legacy power connectors for internal devices such as hard drives and optical drives.

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57
Q

Acronym: PSU

A

Power Supply Unit

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58
Q

What color is a Molex connector and how many pins does it normally have?

A

White or clear plastic with 4 pins.

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59
Q

What does the color coding of a Molex connector represent?

A

DC Voltage:
1. Red: 5 VDC
2. Yellow: 12 VDC
3. Black: Ground

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60
Q

What kind of Connector is this?

A

A Molex Connector

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61
Q

Acronym: eSATA

A

External SATA (Serial Advanced Technology Attachment)

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62
Q

What is an eSATA?

A

A variant of SATA cabling designed for external connectivity.

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63
Q

What length cable does eSATA extend to?

A

2 meters

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64
Q

What kind of port must you use to connect an eSATA cable to?

A

An eSATA port’ you cannot use internal SATA cable / pt.

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65
Q

What is eSATAp?

A

A nonstandard powered port used by some vendors that is compatible with both USB and SATA (With an eSATAp cable).

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66
Q

Definition: Nonpersistent (RAM)

A

Means that the RAM devices can only hold ta when the PC is powered on.

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67
Q

Processing and storage components are connected by ___ __________ implemented on the ___________.

A

Bus interfaces

Motherboard

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68
Q

Instructions and Data are stored using ___________ and __________ and transmitted between components over the ___ using __________ _______.

A

Transistors and Capacitors

Bus

Electrical Signals

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69
Q

The motherboards system clock is measured in what?

A

Megahertz (MHz) or

Gigahertz (GHz)

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70
Q

What do clock multipliers do?

A

Take the timing signal produced by the generator and apply a multiplication factor to produce different timing signals for different types of buses.

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71
Q

What should you do before working with a PC to ensure your own safety with the power?

A
  1. Make sure the PC is disconnected from the power supply before opening the case.
  2. Hold the power button for a few seconds after disconnecting the power cord to ensure all internal components are drained of charge.
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72
Q

Name 4 components of a computer vulnerable to ESD

A
  1. CPU
  2. System RAM
  3. Adapter Cards
  4. Motherboard
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73
Q

Definition: ESD

A

Electrostatic Discharge—when static charge stored on your clothes or body is suddenly released into a circuit by touching it.

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74
Q

How should you minimize the chances of ESD (2 answers)

A
  1. Handle components by their edges or plastic parts
  2. Use an anti-ESD wrist-strap and other protective equipment and procedures.
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75
Q

Motherboard connector and socket types

A
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76
Q

Most PC CPU’s are manufactured by which two companies?

A
  1. Intel
  2. AMD
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77
Q

When the CPU has been installed, it’s covered by what 3 things?

A
  1. Thermal Paste
  2. Heat Sink
  3. Fan
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78
Q

Can the CPU chipset be upgraded?

A

No. It is soldered onto the motherboard.

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79
Q

What determines the choice of processor,t he type and max amount of RAM, and support for integrated interfaces and ports?

A

The type of chipset on the motherboard.

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80
Q

How can interfaces not supported by the chipset be installed or upgraded?

A

As an adapter card.

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81
Q

Acronym: DIMM

A

Dual Inline Memory Module

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82
Q

A DIMM slot has _______ at either end, is located close to the ___ ______, and is _________ and often _____ _____.

A

Catches

The CPU Socket

Numbered

Color Coded

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83
Q

System RAM is normally packaged as what?

A

DIMM (Dual inline memory module)

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84
Q

Fixed disks use either ___ or ___.

A

SSD or HDD

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85
Q

The motherboard will contain several ____ _____ to connect one or more _____ ______.

A

SATA ports

Fixed Drives

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86
Q

SATA devices are installed to a _____ ___ in the _______ and then connected to a ____ ____ via a _____ and to the power supply via a ____ _____ or _____ _________.

A

Drive bay

Chassis

Data Port

Cable

SATA power

Molex Connector.

87
Q

M.2 adapters can be different lengths, name 4.

A
  1. 42 mm
  2. 60 mm
  3. 80 mm
  4. 110 mm
88
Q

How is an M.2 port oriented?

A

Horizontally

89
Q

M.2 interfaces are used for

A

SSDs

90
Q

Where are the M.2 adapter sizes supported indicated?

A

On a label supplied over the bus.

91
Q

What cable length are eSATA’s

A

2 meters

92
Q

What is the main drawback of eSATA compared to USB or Thunderbolt External drives?

A

Power is not supplied over the cable and requires a separate power supply.

93
Q

Acronym: PCI

A

Peripheral Component Interconnect

94
Q

Acronym: PCIe

A

Peripheral Component Interconnect Express

95
Q

What are the two main types of expansion slot interfaces?

A
  1. PCI
  2. PCIe
96
Q

PCIe usus point-to-point serial communications, which means what?

A

Each component can have a dedicated link to any other component.

97
Q

Transfer Rates for PCIe’s are measured in what?

A

Gigatransfers per second (GT/s)

98
Q

Each PCIe adapter card supports a specific number of lanes, typically

(4 answers)

A
  1. X1
  2. X4
  3. X8
  4. X16
99
Q

PCI / PCIe Slots

Peripheral Component Interconnect (express)

A
100
Q

How many lanes can a PCIe have?

A

X32

101
Q

PCIe: Each lane supports a ___-______ transfer rate of ___ __/_ (v1.0) up to about _ __/_ (v5.0)

A

Full-Duplex

250 MB/s

4 GB/s

102
Q

What is a link on a PCIe?

A

Each point-to-point connection

103
Q

Each ____ can make use of ___ or ____ _____.

A

Link

One or more lanes.

104
Q

Ideally a PCIe card should be plugged into a port that does what?

A

Supports the same number of lanes as the card.

105
Q

PCIe

What is up-plugging?

A

When insufficient slots are available, a card can fit into any port with an equal or greater number of lanes.

106
Q

What is down-plugging?

A

Fitting a longer card into a shorter slot.

107
Q

How can you tell how many lanes is supported by each slot?

A

It should be indicated by a label on the motherboard.

108
Q

PCIe can supply up to ___ to a graphics card via a dedicated graphics adapter slot and up to ___ over other slots. An extra ___ can be supplied via a PCIe _____ _________.

A

75W

25W

75W

Power Connector

109
Q

Can PCI cards be fitted to PCIe slots?

A

No.

110
Q

Definition: Motherboard Form Factor

A

Describes the shape, layout, and type of case and power supply that can be used, plus the number of adapter cards that can be installed.

111
Q

Acronym: ATX

A

Advanced Technology Extended

112
Q

What is ATX Advanced Technology Extended?

3

A

Standard PC case, motherboard, and power supply specification.

113
Q

How big is a full-size ATX (Advanced Technology Extended) board?

Size
Expansion Slots

A

12 inches wide by 9.6 inches deep and can contain up to seven expansion slots.

114
Q

Acronym: mATX

A

Micro-ATX

115
Q

How large are mATX boards?

A

9.6 inch square boards. They have a maximum of 4 expansion slots.

116
Q

Acronym: ITX

A

Information Technology eXtended

117
Q

What is ITX? Information Technology eXtended?

A

Series of motherboard form factors designed for small form factor SFF computers and appliances.

118
Q

Acronym: SFF

A

Small Form Factor

119
Q

SFF Small form factor PC’s often use Via’s ____-___.

A

Mini-ITX

120
Q

Mini-ITX is how big?

A

6.7 inches x 6.7 inches square with one expansion slot.

121
Q

Name 4 other types of ITX form factors?

A
  1. Mini-ITX
  2. Nano-ITX
  3. Pico-ITX
  4. Mobile-ITX
122
Q

How is the motherboard attached to the case?

A

By using standoffs.

123
Q

What is the purpose of a standoff? (Motherboards)

A

Hold the motherboard firmly and ensure no other part of it touches the case.

124
Q

Motherboard Installation: Step 1

(2 parts)

A

1a. Use motherboard documentation to review specific installation procedure.

1b. Check whether any jumper clips need adjusted. A jumper is placed over header pins in a particular orientation.

125
Q

Motherboard Installation: Step 2

3 steps

A

2a. Orient the board to the oblong I/O cutout at the rear of the case.

2b. Prepare motherboard I/O blanking plate in correct orientation by removing caps so that USB, Audio, and Video ports will be uncovered while board is fitted.

2c. Fit the blanking plate to the case by snapping it into the cut out.

126
Q

Motherboard Installation: Step 3

3 steps

A

3a. Insert standoffs into the case to match the hole locations on the motherboard. Usually threaded, may be push-down pegs on older cases. Standoffs might be pre-installed.

3b. Ensure corners, long edges, and center of board will be supported.

3c. Do NOT add standoffs where there is no corresponding hole in the motherboard.

127
Q

Motherboard Installation: Step 4

1 step

A

4a. Optionally, add the CPU memory modules to the motherboard before installing the board in the case.

128
Q

Motherboard Installation: Step 5

A

5a. Check alignment of standoff location and verify each standoff is secure.

5b. If everything’s correct, place motherboard on standoffs.

129
Q

Motherboard Installation: Step 6

2 steps

A

6a. Secure each standoff using appropriate screw type.

6b. Ensure the board is firm and stable but don’t over-tighten screws or you risk cracking the board.

130
Q

Motherboard Installation: Step 7

4 steps

A

7a. To complete PC installation, add the power and disk devices to the case,

7b.install any adapter cards to the motherboard,

7c. and install data and

7d. power connectors.

131
Q

Identify these Headers

A
132
Q

Definition: Headers

A

Connector on the motherboard for internal cabling such as fan power, and front panel ports and buttons

133
Q

Name 4 Headers

A
  1. Power button (Soft Power)
  2. Drive (HDD) Activity lights
  3. Audio Ports
  4. USB Ports
134
Q

What are Power Connectors?

A

The motherboard also contains various connection points for the power supply and fans.

135
Q

What is the main P1 motherboard?

A

Its a power connector. It has a distinctive 2-pin x 12-pin block with square pin receptacles.

136
Q

What format are fan connectors (Power Connectors)

A

3 or 4 pin Molex KK format.

137
Q

Acronym: PWM

A

Pulse width modulation

138
Q

How are 4-pin fan connectors controlled?

A

Precise fan-speed control is via a PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) signal carried by the blue wire.

139
Q

How are 3-pin fans controlled?

A

3-Pin fans are controlled by varying the voltge.

140
Q

What happens if you connect a fan with a 3-pin connector to a 4-pin header?

A

You can do this, but the system may not be able to vary the van speed or may need a special configuration to do so.

141
Q

What happens if you connect a fan with a 4-pin connector to a 3-pin header?

A

You can do this, but you may not be able to use PWM (Pulse width modulation)

142
Q

What is an expansion card?

A

Adds functions or ports that are not supported by the integrated features of the motherboard.

Can be fitted to an appropriate PCIe or PCI slot.

143
Q

Name 4 of the main types of expansion cards

A
  1. Sound
  2. Video
  3. Capture
  4. Network
144
Q

What is a video card?

A

Adapter that handles graphics processing and output to a display device over one or more video interface ports.

145
Q

What is an onboard adapter or onboard graphics?

A

Low-end graphics adapters that likely to be included with the motherboard chipset or as a part of the CPU itself.

146
Q

Most graphics adapters are based on chipsets by which 3 companies?

A
  1. ATI / AMD
  2. NVIDIA
  3. Intel
147
Q

Video cards are distinguished by what 3 features?

A
  1. Graphics Processing Unit GPU
  2. Graphics Memory
  3. Video Ports
148
Q

What is a GPU designed for?

A

Optimized for processing instructions that render 2D and 3D images and effects on screen.

149
Q

What is the basic test for a GPU?

A

The frame rate it can produce for a particular game or applications.

150
Q

What is Graphics Memory?

A

A dedicated card can be fitted with up to 32 GB GDDR RAM at the high end with 8 GB being more typical.

151
Q

Acronym: GDDR

A

Graphics Double Data Rate

152
Q

What kind of ports do most modern graphics cards use?

A

PCIe x16 interface

Dual cards using two or more slots are also available.

153
Q

What is a capture card?

A

Used to record video input and save it as a type of movie or streaming media file.

154
Q

How can capture cards be fitted?

A

As in internal PCIe or as an external unit connected vis USB / Thunderbolt.

155
Q

GPU Parts

A
156
Q

What is a sound card?

A

An adapter card providing sound playback and recording functionality.

157
Q

What size are most audio jacks?

A

3.5 mm or 1/8 inch

158
Q

Acronym: TRS

A

Mini tip, ring, sleeve connectors. (Audio jacks)

159
Q

Name 3 kinds of sound playback

A
  1. Mono (Legacy)
  2. Stereo
  3. Surround Sound
160
Q

What functions may you find on a pro-level sound cards?

A
  1. Onboard memory
  2. Flash memory storing sound samples (Wavetables)
  3. Additional jack types for different input sources
161
Q

Acronym: NIC

A

Network interface card

162
Q

Wi-fi adapters are developed to different ___.__ standards.

A

802.11

163
Q

Acronym: CRT

A

Cathode Ray Tube

164
Q

Acronym: DVI

A

Digital Video Interface

165
Q

What is this?

A
166
Q

HDMI and DisplayPort video interfaces only support what?

A

Digital and flat-panel displays

167
Q

Where are you likely to encounter DVI Digital Visual Interface?

A

Older display devices and video cards.

168
Q

What are the 5 types of DVI?

A
  1. DVI-A
  2. DVI-D (single-link)
  3. DVI-I (Single-Link)
  4. DVI-D (Dual-Link)
  5. DVI-I (Dual-Link)
169
Q

Label the following:

A
170
Q

What kind of equipment does DVI-I Support?

A

Both analogue equipment and digital outputs

171
Q

What kind of equipment does DVI-A Support?

A

Only analog output

172
Q

What equipment does DVI-D Support?

A

Only digital

173
Q

Acronym: VGA

A

Video Graphics Array

174
Q

How many pins does VGA have?

A

15

175
Q

What max video resolution does VGA Video Graphics Array Support?

A

HD 1920x1080

176
Q

What kind of connector does VGA have?

A

A D-shell with screws to secure it to the port.

177
Q

Name 2 modern bus interfaces that use serial communications?

A
  1. USB
  2. Thunderbolt
178
Q

Acronym: SCSI

A

Small computer system interface

179
Q

What is SCSI (Small computer system interface)?

A

SCSI is a legacy expansion bus standard allowing for the connection of internal and external devices.

180
Q

What two requirements are there for SCSI (Small computer system interface)

A
  1. Every device on a SCSI bus must be allocated a unique ID
  2. The bus must be terminated at both ends.
181
Q

Acronym: HBA

A

Host Bus Adapter

182
Q

How are SCSI attached?

A

Through internal ribbon cables or external SCSI cables

183
Q

What are you most likely to find SCSI used for today?

A

Connecting internal HDD’s

184
Q

SCSI supports data rates up to what?

A

320 MBps

185
Q

What are the two most likely types of physical SCSI connectors you’re likely to see and how many pins do they have?

A
  1. HD High Density with 68 pins
  2. SCA Single connector attachment with 80 pins.
186
Q

What is this?

A

This is a SCSI connector; HD high density type

187
Q

Each device on a wide SCSI bus must be configured with what?

A

A unique ID from 0 to 15

188
Q

SCSI: What is usually allocated the ID 0?

A

A bootable Hard Disk

189
Q

The first and last devices on a SCSI must be terminated. What 2 ways are SCSI devices terminated?

A

Termination may either be

  1. Enabled internally on the device by setting a switch or
  2. Physically connecting a terminator to a device or the host adapter
190
Q

Acronym: SAS

A

Serial Attached SCSI

191
Q

Where is SAS (Serial Attached SCSI) a dominant interface?

A

Enterprise-class storage devices in the PC workstation and server markets.

192
Q

Acronym: IDE

A

Integrated Drive Electronics

193
Q

What is IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics)

A

The interface was the principal mass storage interface for desktop PC’s for many years.

This interface is also referred to as PATA Parallel advanced technology attachment.

194
Q

Acronym: PATA

A

Parallel advanced technology attachment

195
Q

Acronym: EIDE

A

Enhanced IDE (Integrated drive electronics)

196
Q

What kind of data transfers does EIDE (Enhanced Integrated drive electronics) use?

A

16-bit parallel data transfers

197
Q

A motherboard supporting IDE Integrated Drive Electronics may come with how many host adapters and what are they called?

A
  1. One or two host adapters called
  2. IDE1 and IDE2 Channels
198
Q

Acronym: PRI IDE

A

Primary Integrated Drive Electronics

199
Q

Acronym: SEC IDE

A

Secondary Integrated Drive Electronics

200
Q

When is a single IDE channel more typical?

A

When a motherboard also supports SATA

201
Q

An EIDE cable typically has how many color-coded connectors and what are they for?

A

Three.

Blue—Motherboard
Black and Gray—Attach to devices 0 and 1 respectively.

202
Q

On an EIDE cable, how is pin 1 identified?

A

With a red stripe.

203
Q

What is this and what are the boxes indicating?

A
204
Q

What is a serial port?

A

A legacy connection interface where data is. Transmitted over one wire one bit at a time.

205
Q

Acronym and Definition: RS-232

A

Recommended Standard #232

Serial port legacy interface.

206
Q

What is the difference between USB and RS-232?

A

RS-232 uses much less sophisticated signaling methods than USB. RS-232 also supports data up to about 115 kbps only.

207
Q

Identify what this is

A

A 9-pin serial connector and port

208
Q

What are serial ports generally associated with?

A

Connecting external modems, used to establish dial-up internet connections.

209
Q

What is the serial port referred to in Windows?

A

the COM port or communications port

210
Q

What is an adapter cable?

A

Peripheral cables converting between connector form factors or between signaling types, such as DisplayPort to HDMI

211
Q

What is an active adapter?

A

An active adapter uses circuitry to convert the signal between two different types of connector types

212
Q

What is a passive adapter?

A

Passive adapters simply converts between two connector form factors

213
Q

What are common Video adapters to convert between signaling types?

3 examples

A
  1. HDMI to VGA
  2. HDMI to DisplayPort
  3. HDMI to DVI
214
Q

Name 2 typical USB adapters to convert common connector types.

A
  1. USB-C to USB-A
  2. There are also USB hubs that provide additional ports

IT Foundations (18 decks)

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