Lesson 1: Objectives Flashcards
1
Q
USB 2.0 HighSpeed Standard specifies a data rate of ___ ____ shared between ___ _______ ________ to the same ____ __________
A
480 Mbps
All devices attached
Host controller
2
Q
What is a bus with a half-duplex?
A
Each device can send or receive but not at the same time.
3
Q
USB 3.2 Gen 1 has what transfer speed?
A
5 Gbps
4
Q
USB 3.2 Gen 2x1 has what connection speed?
A
10 Gbps
5
Q
USB 3.2 Gen 2x2 has what connection speed?
A
2 x 10 Gbps
6
Q
What USB type has the legacy designation as USB 3.0?
A
USB 3.2 Gen 1
7
Q
What 4 connectors does USB 3.2 Support?
A
- USB-A
- USB-B
- USB-C
- USB Micro
8
Q
What 3 connectors does USB 3.2 Gen 2x1 Support?
A
- USB-A
- USB-C
- USB Micro
9
Q
What single connector does USB 3.2 2x2 support?
A
USB-C
10
Q
What 4 types of connectors does USB 2.0 Support?
A
- Type A
- Type B
- Type B Mini
- Type B Micro
11
Q
USB 2.0 Type A: What is it used for?
A
Connection to the host and some types of peripheral device.
12
Q
USB 2.0 Type A: What is the connector port shaped like?
A
Flat rectangles.
Should be inserted with the USB symbol facing up.
13
Q
USB 2.0 Type B: What kind of connections is it used for?
A
Connection to large devices such as printers.
14
Q
USB 2.0 Type B: What is the port shaped like?
A
The connector and port are square with a beveled top.
15
Q
USB 2.0 Type B Mini: What kind of connections is it used for?
A
Smaller peripheral devices—used to be common with digital cameras but isn’t widely used anymore.
16
Q
USB 2.0 Type B Micro: What kind of connections is it used for?
A
Updated for smaller devices such as smartphones and tablets.
17
Q
In USB 3, there are new versions of the Type A, Type B, and Type B Micro connectors, what was updated / changed?
A
They include additional signaling pins and wires.
18
Q
How are USB 3 receptacles and connectors often distinguished?
A
With blue connector tab or housing.
19
Q
What kinds of USB 3 Types are compatible with USB 1.1 and 2.0 connections?
A
Type A connections.
20
Q
What kinds of USB 3 Type connections are not compatible with USB 1.1 and 2.0 connections?
A
Type B/Type B Micro.
21
Q
What is the maximum cable length for LowSpeed devices?
A
3 meters
22
Q
What is the maximum cable length for FullSpeed and HighSpeed
A
5 meters
23
Q
What is the max cable length for SuperSpeed cables?
A
No official maximum, but 3 meters is recommended.
24
Q
Video Cable bandwidth is determined by what two main factors:
A
- Resolution of the image
- Speed at which the image is redrawn
25
How is Video Resolution measured?
In horizontal pixels by Vertical pixels.
26
What are the typical pixels of HD Format Resolution?
1920x1080
27
What are the typical pixels in typical 4K video?
3840x2160
28
How is the speed at which video images are redrawn measured?
hertz (Hz) or frames per second (fps)
29
What is the difference between fps and hertz for measuring video speed?
Fps is used to describe the video source while hertz is the refresh rate of the display device and video interface.
30
How would you avoid display artifacts in video such as ghosting and tearing?
The refresh rate should match the frame rate or be evenly divisible by it.
Ex: frame rate is 60fps and refresh rate is 120 hz should play smoothly
31
Acronym: LCD
Liquid crystal display
32
Acronym: TFT
Thin film transistor
33
What two types of display are seen in computer displays?
1. LCD
2. TFT
34
Acronym: HDMI
High-Definition Multimedia Interface
35
Acronym: HDCP
High-Bandwidth Digital Content Protection
36
HDMI supports: (4 answers)
1. Video
2. Audio
3. Remote Control
4. HDCP (High-Bandwidth Digital Content Protection)
37
What updates have been made to the original HDMI specifications?
(2 Answers)
1. Support for high resolutions such as 4K and 8K
2. Gaming Features such as ability to vary monitor refresh rate to match frame rate of video source
38
What are the HDMI Cable standards / categories?
2 answers
1. Category 1: Standard
2. Category 2: High Speed
39
What features does HDMI Category 2 Support that HDMI Category 1 does not?
1. Greater cable lengths
2. Required for v1.4 features such as 4k and refresh rates over 60Hz.
40
What do HDMI versions 2.0 and 2.1 Specify?
What are they and what are their speeds?
HDMI 2.0–Premium high speed up to 18 Gbps
HDMI 2.1–Ultra High Speed up to 48 Gbps
41
Definition: DisplayPort
Digital audio/video interface developed by VESA. Supports some cross-compatibility with DVI and HDMI devices.
42
What is the difference between HDMI and DisplayPort?
HDMI was developed by consumer electronic companies and requires a royalty to use.
DisplayPort was developed as a royalty-free standard by VESA.
43
What is one of the main advantages of DisplayPort over HDMI?
Support for Daisy-Chaining multiple monitors of the same video source.
Using multiple monitors with HDMI requires one video card port for each monitor.
44
Definition: What is Thunderbolt?
Can use used as a display interface (Like DisplayPort) and as a general peripheral interface (Like USB 3). The latest version uses USB-C connectors.
45
What kind of connector do Thunderbolt versions 1 and 2 use?
Same physical interface as MiniDP and are compatible with DisplayPort
46
How are Thunderbolt ports differentiated from DisplayPorts?
Thunderbolt ports have a lightning bolt / flash icon.
47
Thunderbolt Version 2 supports links of up to __ ____ (speed)
20 Gbps
48
What changed with Thunderbolt Version 3?
The physical interface connector is USB-C.
49
What speeds does Thunderbolt 3 support over short, high-quality cables?
40 Gbps
50
Definition: SATA
Standard means of connecting internal storage drives within a desktop PC.
51
What kind of cable does this represent?
SATA Cable
52
USB 3.0 Cable Types
53
How many pin connectors does a SATA cable have?
7 pins.
The separate power connector has 15-pins
54
SATA revision 3 supports connection speeds of
600 Mbps
55
56
What are Molex Connectors?
Legacy power connectors for internal devices such as hard drives and optical drives.
57
Acronym: PSU
Power Supply Unit
58
What color is a Molex connector and how many pins does it normally have?
White or clear plastic with 4 pins.
59
What does the color coding of a Molex connector represent?
DC Voltage:
1. Red: 5 VDC
2. Yellow: 12 VDC
3. Black: Ground
60
What kind of Connector is this?
A Molex Connector
61
Acronym: eSATA
External SATA (Serial Advanced Technology Attachment)
62
What is an eSATA?
A variant of SATA cabling designed for external connectivity.
63
What length cable does eSATA extend to?
2 meters
64
What kind of port must you use to connect an eSATA cable to?
An eSATA port’ you cannot use internal SATA cable / pt.
65
What is eSATAp?
A nonstandard powered port used by some vendors that is compatible with both USB and SATA (With an eSATAp cable).
66
Definition: Nonpersistent (RAM)
Means that the RAM devices can only hold ta when the PC is powered on.
67
Processing and storage components are connected by ___ __________ implemented on the ___________.
Bus interfaces
Motherboard
68
Instructions and Data are stored using ___________ and __________ and transmitted between components over the ___ using __________ _______.
Transistors and Capacitors
Bus
Electrical Signals
69
The motherboards system clock is measured in what?
Megahertz (MHz) or
Gigahertz (GHz)
70
What do clock multipliers do?
Take the timing signal produced by the generator and apply a multiplication factor to produce different timing signals for different types of buses.
71
What should you do before working with a PC to ensure your own safety with the power?
1. Make sure the PC is disconnected from the power supply before opening the case.
2. Hold the power button for a few seconds after disconnecting the power cord to ensure all internal components are drained of charge.
72
Name 4 components of a computer vulnerable to ESD
1. CPU
2. System RAM
3. Adapter Cards
4. Motherboard
73
Definition: ESD
Electrostatic Discharge—when static charge stored on your clothes or body is suddenly released into a circuit by touching it.
74
How should you minimize the chances of ESD (2 answers)
1. Handle components by their edges or plastic parts
2. Use an anti-ESD wrist-strap and other protective equipment and procedures.
75
Motherboard connector and socket types
76
Most PC CPU’s are manufactured by which two companies?
1. Intel
2. AMD
77
When the CPU has been installed, it’s covered by what 3 things?
1. Thermal Paste
2. Heat Sink
3. Fan
78
Can the CPU chipset be upgraded?
No. It is soldered onto the motherboard.
79
What determines the choice of processor,t he type and max amount of RAM, and support for integrated interfaces and ports?
The type of chipset on the motherboard.
80
How can interfaces not supported by the chipset be installed or upgraded?
As an adapter card.
81
Acronym: DIMM
Dual Inline Memory Module
82
A DIMM slot has _______ at either end, is located close to the ___ ______, and is _________ and often _____ _____.
Catches
The CPU Socket
Numbered
Color Coded
83
System RAM is normally packaged as what?
DIMM (Dual inline memory module)
84
Fixed disks use either ___ or ___.
SSD or HDD
85
The motherboard will contain several ____ _____ to connect one or more _____ ______.
SATA ports
Fixed Drives
86
SATA devices are installed to a _____ ___ in the _______ and then connected to a ____ ____ via a _____ and to the power supply via a ____ _____ or _____ _________.
Drive bay
Chassis
Data Port
Cable
SATA power
Molex Connector.
87
M.2 adapters can be different lengths, name 4.
1. 42 mm
2. 60 mm
3. 80 mm
4. 110 mm
88
How is an M.2 port oriented?
Horizontally
89
M.2 interfaces are used for
SSDs
90
Where are the M.2 adapter sizes supported indicated?
On a label supplied over the bus.
91
What cable length are eSATA’s
2 meters
92
What is the main drawback of eSATA compared to USB or Thunderbolt External drives?
Power is not supplied over the cable and requires a separate power supply.
93
Acronym: PCI
Peripheral Component Interconnect
94
Acronym: PCIe
Peripheral Component Interconnect Express
95
What are the two main types of expansion slot interfaces?
1. PCI
2. PCIe
96
PCIe usus point-to-point serial communications, which means what?
Each component can have a dedicated link to any other component.
97
Transfer Rates for PCIe’s are measured in what?
Gigatransfers per second (GT/s)
98
Each PCIe adapter card supports a specific number of lanes, typically
(4 answers)
1. X1
2. X4
3. X8
4. X16
99
PCI / PCIe Slots
Peripheral Component Interconnect (express)
100
How many lanes can a PCIe have?
X32
101
PCIe: Each lane supports a ___-______ transfer rate of ___ __/_ (v1.0) up to about _ __/_ (v5.0)
Full-Duplex
250 MB/s
4 GB/s
102
What is a link on a PCIe?
Each point-to-point connection
103
Each ____ can make use of ___ or ____ _____.
Link
One or more lanes.
104
Ideally a PCIe card should be plugged into a port that does what?
Supports the same number of lanes as the card.
105
PCIe
What is up-plugging?
When insufficient slots are available, a card can fit into any port with an equal or greater number of lanes.
106
What is down-plugging?
Fitting a longer card into a shorter slot.
107
How can you tell how many lanes is supported by each slot?
It should be indicated by a label on the motherboard.
108
PCIe can supply up to ___ to a graphics card via a dedicated graphics adapter slot and up to ___ over other slots. An extra ___ can be supplied via a PCIe _____ _________.
75W
25W
75W
Power Connector
109
Can PCI cards be fitted to PCIe slots?
No.
110
Definition: Motherboard Form Factor
Describes the shape, layout, and type of case and power supply that can be used, plus the number of adapter cards that can be installed.
111
Acronym: ATX
Advanced Technology Extended
112
What is ATX Advanced Technology Extended?
3
Standard PC case, motherboard, and power supply specification.
113
How big is a full-size ATX (Advanced Technology Extended) board?
Size
Expansion Slots
12 inches wide by 9.6 inches deep and can contain up to seven expansion slots.
114
Acronym: mATX
Micro-ATX
115
How large are mATX boards?
9.6 inch square boards. They have a maximum of 4 expansion slots.
116
Acronym: ITX
Information Technology eXtended
117
What is ITX? Information Technology eXtended?
Series of motherboard form factors designed for small form factor SFF computers and appliances.
118
Acronym: SFF
Small Form Factor
119
SFF Small form factor PC’s often use Via’s ____-___.
Mini-ITX
120
Mini-ITX is how big?
6.7 inches x 6.7 inches square with one expansion slot.
121
Name 4 other types of ITX form factors?
1. Mini-ITX
2. Nano-ITX
3. Pico-ITX
4. Mobile-ITX
122
How is the motherboard attached to the case?
By using standoffs.
123
What is the purpose of a standoff? (Motherboards)
Hold the motherboard firmly and ensure no other part of it touches the case.
124
Motherboard Installation: Step 1
(2 parts)
1a. Use motherboard documentation to review specific installation procedure.
1b. Check whether any jumper clips need adjusted. A jumper is placed over header pins in a particular orientation.
125
Motherboard Installation: Step 2
3 steps
2a. Orient the board to the oblong I/O cutout at the rear of the case.
2b. Prepare motherboard I/O blanking plate in correct orientation by removing caps so that USB, Audio, and Video ports will be uncovered while board is fitted.
2c. Fit the blanking plate to the case by snapping it into the cut out.
126
Motherboard Installation: Step 3
3 steps
3a. Insert standoffs into the case to match the hole locations on the motherboard. Usually threaded, may be push-down pegs on older cases. Standoffs might be pre-installed.
3b. Ensure corners, long edges, and center of board will be supported.
3c. Do NOT add standoffs where there is no corresponding hole in the motherboard.
127
Motherboard Installation: Step 4
1 step
4a. Optionally, add the CPU memory modules to the motherboard before installing the board in the case.
128
Motherboard Installation: Step 5
5a. Check alignment of standoff location and verify each standoff is secure.
5b. If everything’s correct, place motherboard on standoffs.
129
Motherboard Installation: Step 6
2 steps
6a. Secure each standoff using appropriate screw type.
6b. Ensure the board is firm and stable but don’t over-tighten screws or you risk cracking the board.
130
Motherboard Installation: Step 7
4 steps
7a. To complete PC installation, add the power and disk devices to the case,
7b.install any adapter cards to the motherboard,
7c. and install data and
7d. power connectors.
131
Identify these Headers
132
Definition: Headers
Connector on the motherboard for internal cabling such as fan power, and front panel ports and buttons
133
Name 4 Headers
1. Power button (Soft Power)
2. Drive (HDD) Activity lights
3. Audio Ports
4. USB Ports
134
What are Power Connectors?
The motherboard also contains various connection points for the power supply and fans.
135
What is the main P1 motherboard?
Its a power connector. It has a distinctive 2-pin x 12-pin block with square pin receptacles.
136
What format are fan connectors (Power Connectors)
3 or 4 pin Molex KK format.
137
Acronym: PWM
Pulse width modulation
138
How are 4-pin fan connectors controlled?
Precise fan-speed control is via a PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) signal carried by the blue wire.
139
How are 3-pin fans controlled?
3-Pin fans are controlled by varying the voltge.
140
What happens if you connect a fan with a 3-pin connector to a 4-pin header?
You can do this, but the system may not be able to vary the van speed or may need a special configuration to do so.
141
What happens if you connect a fan with a 4-pin connector to a 3-pin header?
You can do this, but you may not be able to use PWM (Pulse width modulation)
142
What is an expansion card?
Adds functions or ports that are not supported by the integrated features of the motherboard.
Can be fitted to an appropriate PCIe or PCI slot.
143
Name 4 of the main types of expansion cards
1. Sound
2. Video
3. Capture
4. Network
144
What is a video card?
Adapter that handles graphics processing and output to a display device over one or more video interface ports.
145
What is an onboard adapter or onboard graphics?
Low-end graphics adapters that likely to be included with the motherboard chipset or as a part of the CPU itself.
146
Most graphics adapters are based on chipsets by which 3 companies?
1. ATI / AMD
2. NVIDIA
3. Intel
147
Video cards are distinguished by what 3 features?
1. Graphics Processing Unit GPU
2. Graphics Memory
3. Video Ports
148
What is a GPU designed for?
Optimized for processing instructions that render 2D and 3D images and effects on screen.
149
What is the basic test for a GPU?
The frame rate it can produce for a particular game or applications.
150
What is Graphics Memory?
A dedicated card can be fitted with up to 32 GB GDDR RAM at the high end with 8 GB being more typical.
151
Acronym: GDDR
Graphics Double Data Rate
152
What kind of ports do most modern graphics cards use?
PCIe x16 interface
Dual cards using two or more slots are also available.
153
What is a capture card?
Used to record video input and save it as a type of movie or streaming media file.
154
How can capture cards be fitted?
As in internal PCIe or as an external unit connected vis USB / Thunderbolt.
155
GPU Parts
156
What is a sound card?
An adapter card providing sound playback and recording functionality.
157
What size are most audio jacks?
3.5 mm or 1/8 inch
158
Acronym: TRS
Mini tip, ring, sleeve connectors. (Audio jacks)
159
Name 3 kinds of sound playback
1. Mono (Legacy)
2. Stereo
3. Surround Sound
160
What functions may you find on a pro-level sound cards?
1. Onboard memory
2. Flash memory storing sound samples (Wavetables)
3. Additional jack types for different input sources
161
Acronym: NIC
Network interface card
162
Wi-fi adapters are developed to different ___.__ standards.
802.11
163
Acronym: CRT
Cathode Ray Tube
164
Acronym: DVI
Digital Video Interface
165
What is this?
166
HDMI and DisplayPort video interfaces only support what?
Digital and flat-panel displays
167
Where are you likely to encounter DVI Digital Visual Interface?
Older display devices and video cards.
168
What are the 5 types of DVI?
1. DVI-A
2. DVI-D (single-link)
3. DVI-I (Single-Link)
4. DVI-D (Dual-Link)
5. DVI-I (Dual-Link)
169
Label the following:
170
What kind of equipment does DVI-I Support?
Both analogue equipment and digital outputs
171
What kind of equipment does DVI-A Support?
Only analog output
172
What equipment does DVI-D Support?
Only digital
173
Acronym: VGA
Video Graphics Array
174
How many pins does VGA have?
15
175
What max video resolution does VGA Video Graphics Array Support?
HD 1920x1080
176
What kind of connector does VGA have?
A D-shell with screws to secure it to the port.
177
Name 2 modern bus interfaces that use serial communications?
1. USB
2. Thunderbolt
178
Acronym: SCSI
Small computer system interface
179
What is SCSI (Small computer system interface)?
SCSI is a legacy expansion bus standard allowing for the connection of internal and external devices.
180
What two requirements are there for SCSI (Small computer system interface)
1. Every device on a SCSI bus must be allocated a unique ID
2. The bus must be terminated at both ends.
181
Acronym: HBA
Host Bus Adapter
182
How are SCSI attached?
Through internal ribbon cables or external SCSI cables
183
What are you most likely to find SCSI used for today?
Connecting internal HDD’s
184
SCSI supports data rates up to what?
320 MBps
185
What are the two most likely types of physical SCSI connectors you’re likely to see and how many pins do they have?
1. HD High Density with 68 pins
2. SCA Single connector attachment with 80 pins.
186
What is this?
This is a SCSI connector; HD high density type
187
Each device on a wide SCSI bus must be configured with what?
A unique ID from 0 to 15
188
SCSI: What is usually allocated the ID 0?
A bootable Hard Disk
189
The first and last devices on a SCSI must be terminated. What 2 ways are SCSI devices terminated?
Termination may either be
1. Enabled internally on the device by setting a switch or
2. Physically connecting a terminator to a device or the host adapter
190
Acronym: SAS
Serial Attached SCSI
191
Where is SAS (Serial Attached SCSI) a dominant interface?
Enterprise-class storage devices in the PC workstation and server markets.
192
Acronym: IDE
Integrated Drive Electronics
193
What is IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics)
The interface was the principal mass storage interface for desktop PC’s for many years.
This interface is also referred to as PATA Parallel advanced technology attachment.
194
Acronym: PATA
Parallel advanced technology attachment
195
Acronym: EIDE
Enhanced IDE (Integrated drive electronics)
196
What kind of data transfers does EIDE (Enhanced Integrated drive electronics) use?
16-bit parallel data transfers
197
A motherboard supporting IDE Integrated Drive Electronics may come with how many host adapters and what are they called?
1. One or two host adapters called
2. IDE1 and IDE2 Channels
198
Acronym: PRI IDE
Primary Integrated Drive Electronics
199
Acronym: SEC IDE
Secondary Integrated Drive Electronics
200
When is a single IDE channel more typical?
When a motherboard also supports SATA
201
An EIDE cable typically has how many color-coded connectors and what are they for?
Three.
Blue—Motherboard
Black and Gray—Attach to devices 0 and 1 respectively.
202
On an EIDE cable, how is pin 1 identified?
With a red stripe.
203
What is this and what are the boxes indicating?
204
What is a serial port?
A legacy connection interface where data is. Transmitted over one wire one bit at a time.
205
Acronym and Definition: RS-232
Recommended Standard #232
Serial port legacy interface.
206
What is the difference between USB and RS-232?
RS-232 uses much less sophisticated signaling methods than USB. RS-232 also supports data up to about 115 kbps only.
207
Identify what this is
A 9-pin serial connector and port
208
What are serial ports generally associated with?
Connecting external modems, used to establish dial-up internet connections.
209
What is the serial port referred to in Windows?
the COM port or communications port
210
What is an adapter cable?
Peripheral cables converting between connector form factors or between signaling types, such as DisplayPort to HDMI
211
What is an active adapter?
An active adapter uses circuitry to convert the signal between two different types of connector types
212
What is a passive adapter?
Passive adapters simply converts between two connector form factors
213
What are common Video adapters to convert between signaling types?
3 examples
1. HDMI to VGA
2. HDMI to DisplayPort
3. HDMI to DVI
214
Name 2 typical USB adapters to convert common connector types.
1. USB-C to USB-A
2. There are also USB hubs that provide additional ports
