LESSON 04 - CARDIOVASCULAR, RESPIRATORY, LYMPHATIC AND ENDOCRINE SYSTEMS Flashcards
During what phase of the general adaptation syndrome will a client see progressive increases in muscle size and strength?
The Correct Answer is:
Adaptation phase
Why?
The adaptation phase, or resistance phase, generally begins around weeks four through six and represents major muscular adaptations (biochemical, mechanical, and structural). This phase is characterized by progressive increases in muscle size and strength
ACE’s Essentials of Exercise Science for Fitness Professionals, p. 232
Which hormone promotes triglyceride breakdown to aid in maintaining blood glucose?
The Correct Answer is:
Cortisol
Why?
Cortisol is a glucocorticoid and plays a major role in maintaining blood glucose during prolonged exercise by promoting protein and triglyceride breakdown. Cortisol is also a major stress hormone and is elevated when the body is under too much stress, either from too much exercise or inadequate regeneration.
ACE’s Essentials of Exercise Science for Fitness Professionals, p. 84
Which of the four components of blood carries hormones, food materials, ions, and gases throughout the body?
The Correct Answer is:
Plasma
Why?
The liquid component of blood, called plasma, is responsible for carrying hormones, plasma proteins, food materials (e.g., carbohydrates, amino acids, lipids), ions (e.g., sodium, chloride, bicarbonate), and gases (e.g., oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide) throughout the body.
ACE’s Essentials of Exercise Science for Fitness Professionals, p. 3-4
When blood is flowing through the heart, where does it go after passing through the tricuspid valve?
The Correct Answer is:
Right ventricle
Why?
Blood passes through the tricuspid valve on its way from the right atrium to the right ventricle.
ACE’s Essentials of Exercise Science for Fitness Professionals, p. 6
right atrium > right ventricle > left atrium > left ventricle
The average person’s breathing rate through the nose is equal to 20 to 30 liters per minute while at rest.
The Correct Answer is:
FALSE
Why?
Humans normally breathe approximately 5 to 6 liters of air per minute through the nose when at rest, but use the mouth as the primary passageway for air when ventilation is increased to approximately 20 to 30 liters per minute during exercise.
ACE’s Essentials of Exercise Science for Fitness Professionals, p. 8
Cardiac output is defined as the amount of blood pumped during each heart beat.
The Correct Answer is:
FALSE
Why?
The amount of blood pumped during each heartbeat is called the stroke volume. Cardiac output is the product of stroke volume and heart rate, and therefore is defined as the amount of blood pumped per minute.
ACE’s Essentials of Exercise Science for Fitness Professionals, p. 70
Francine practices hot yoga. The room is 103º F (39º C) and she is in class for 60 minutes. The release of _______________ will help reduce the excretion of water in her urine, thereby helping prevent any further dehydration.
The Correct Answer is:
Antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin)
Why?
Fluid loss to sweat contributes to a loss of blood volume, which, in turn, triggers the release of antidiuretic hormone, or vasopressin, to help reduce water and sodium losses from the body.
ACE Essentials of Exercise Science, p. 216
Christopher is an endurance athlete. He often gets low blood sugar during his long workouts. Once the liver recognizes the release of glucagon from the pancreas, _______________ is released to help increase his blood sugar levels.
The Correct Answer is:
Glucose
Why?
Glucagon stimulates an almost instantaneous release of glucose from the liver and is part of a negative feedback loop in which low blood glucose levels stimulate its release. Glucagon primarily contributes to blood glucose control as exercise progresses and glycogen stores deplete during an exercise bout.
ACE Essentials of Exercise Science, p. 219
During an endurance race, cortisol helps maintain blood glucose levels by promoting the breakdown of _______________ and _______________.
The Correct Answer is:
Protein; triglycerides
Why?
Cortisol stimulates free fatty acid mobilization from adipose tissue, mobilizes glucose synthesis in the liver, and decreases the rate of glucose utilization by the cells. Cortisol production increases with exercise intensity and with increasing levels of stress placed upon the body’s physiological systems.
ACE Essentials of Exercise Science, p. 219
The increase in heart rate prior to the start of a race is partially due to the release of what hormone?
The Correct Answer is:
Epinephrine
Why?
Epinephrine increases the strength of cardiac contraction, resulting in increased cardiac output. Furthermore, epinephrine affects the central nervous system by promoting a state of arousal and increased alertness to permit “quick thinking” to help cope with the impending stressor (or exercise activity).
ACE Essentials of Exercise Science, p. 218-219
Gas is exchanged in microscopic air sacs known as bronchi.
The Correct Answer is:
FALSE
Why?
The respiratory system is made up of the nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs. Together, these structures form a group of passages that filter air and transport it into the lungs. Gas exchange occurs within microscopic air sacs in the lungs called alveoli.
ACE Essentials of Exercise Science, p. 7
The diaphragm is the most important muscle of inspiration.
The Correct Answer is:
TRUE
Why?
The lungs rest on top of the most important muscle of inspiration, the diaphragm, which is the only skeletal muscle considered essential for life.
ACE Essentials of Exercise Science, p. 8
During exercise, expiration is passive.
The Correct Answer is:
FALSE
Why?
Expiration occurs passively during normal, quiet breathing, requiring no assistance from muscle action. However, during exercise, expiration becomes active. Important muscles of expiration, such as the rectus abdominis, internal obliques, serratus posterior, and internal intercostals, are activated to help pull the rib cage downward and force air from the lungs by squeezing the abdominal organs upward against the diaphragm.
ACE Essentials of Exercise Science, p. 8
Respiratory muscles adapt to training and thus can improve the duration and intensity of exercise.
The Correct Answer is:
TRUE
Why?
Regular endurance exercise increases the oxidative capacity of respiratory muscles, which improves respiratory muscle endurance.
ACE Essentials of Exercise Science, p. 8
After air enters the nose and mouth, it is warmed and passed through the thorax.
The Correct Answer is:
FALSE
Why?
Air enters the respiratory system and is warmed and passed through the pharynx (throat), and then the larynx (the area of the “Adam’s apple”).
ACE Essentials of Exercise Science, p. 8
