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Psych 105 > Less Known Terms in Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Less Known Terms in Chapter 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

Abnormal Behaviour in the Historical Perspectives

A

Abnormal behavior = result of
supernatural forces

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2
Q

Trephination

A

Sharp tool used to cut a hole in the skull,
let the evil spirits out and return to
“normal” behaviour. Kills the person
- historical times

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3
Q

Hippocrates

A
  • Mania
  • Melancholia
  • Phrenitis - mental confusion
    (historical perspective)
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4
Q

Psychopathology

A

Psychological disorder

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5
Q

Social Construct 3 D’s

A
  • Distressing (very intense and very long lasting to the self and to others)
  • Dysfunctional (behaviour is maladaptive to others and to society)
  • Deviant
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6
Q

Abnormal Behaviour

A

behavior that is personally distressing, personally dysfunctional , and/or so culturally
deviate that people say it is inappropriate or maladaptive

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7
Q

The Vulnerability-Stress Model
The Diathesis-Stress Model

A

Vulnerability Stressors
(Biological factors, (Low SES
like genetics Environmental
Personality Trauma
factors ) + Loss
=
Psych disorder

Everyone has vulnerability for a disorder, given sufficient stress

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8
Q

The DSM-5

A

Detailed behavior must be present for
diagnosis
- groups disorders based on symptoms

Categorial System (DSM-4)
- people were placed within specific
diagnostic categories - thought to be too specific. Many people did not fit neatly within categories, they did not have each specific symptom

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9
Q

Dimensional System

A

Recognize psych disorders have a spectrum
- people are still experiencing anxiety even in the middle, and can have a diagnosis. Guide for diagnosis, no threshold for diagnosis unlike categorial system

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10
Q

Comorbidity

A

Overlap in psych disorders

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11
Q

p-factor

A

Measure of psychopathy in all
types of disorders
* Associated with more life
impairment
* Stable (high p factor will stay high, low p factor will stay low)

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12
Q

Internalizing Disorder

A
  • Distress and fear (negative emotions)
  • Depression and anxiety
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13
Q

Externalizing Disorder

A
  • Impulsivity and out of control behaviour
  • Alcoholism and antisocial personality disorder
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14
Q

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

A
  • Cognitive component
    • Obsessions (repeated unwanted thoughts, images, impulses, really difficult to remove. Increase anxiety, intrusive thoughts)
  • Behavioral component
    • Compulsions (response to these obsessive thoughts, to reduce
      them)
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15
Q

Pure Obsession

A

not everyone engages in compulsive behaviours, just obsessive thoughts

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16
Q

Causal Factors in Anxiety Disorders

A
  • Biological Factors
    * Genetics
    * GABA (reduces neural activity in the amygdala) & Amygdala & Serotonin
  • Differences in sex or gender
    * Females exhibit more anxiety disorders than males
  • Possible explanations
    * Sex-linked biological disposition
  • Evolutionary Factors
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17
Q

Psychological Causal Factors in Anxiety Disorders

A
  • Psychoanalytic Explanations
    * Neurotic Anxiety (displaced to external stimulus, true, underlying internal conflict) the UNCONSCIOUS anxiety
  • Cognitive Explanations
    * Maladaptive thoughts & beliefs
    * Things appraised ‘catastrophically’
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18
Q

Culture Bound disorders

A
  • Koro
  • Taijin kyofushu (people are fearful of offending people with their odor)
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19
Q

Objectification Theory

A

Cultural emphasis on viewing one’s body as object

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20
Q

Anorexia Nervosa

A
  • Intense fear of being fat
  • Severely restrict food intake
  • unhealthy body weight as a result of that fear controls how people view themselves
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21
Q

Bulimia Nervosa

A

Binge and purge
- cope with negative emotions or stress

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22
Q

Where are eating disorders more common in?

A

In industrialized culture
- Women who move to North America are more likely to develop an eating disorder

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23
Q

Causes of Anorexia and Bulimia

A
  • Personality factors
    * Anorexics - High achievement
    standards (perfectionists)
    * Bulimics - Depressed, anxious
  • Genetics
    * Higher identical twin-concordance
    rate
24
Q

Persistent Depressive Disorder

A

mild to moderate severity - less intense symptoms but can last for years
- lasts longer than major depression

25
Q

Anhedonia

A

Loss of interest in pleasurable activities

26
Q

Manic State in Bipolar Disorder

A
  • Euphoric mood (have no limits, increase in energy)
  • Hyperactive/no sleep (aggression, restlessness, buying spree, not typical behaviour)
  • Rapid speech (rapid thoughts, cannot get their words out fast enough)
27
Q

Bipolar I Disorder

A

Extreme manic episodes + depressive episodes (sometimes)
- more manic episodes than depressive disorders
- do not need depressive episodes to be diagnosed

28
Q

Bipolar II Disorder

A

Mildly elevated moods (Hypomania) + depression episodes
- need at least one major depressive episode to be diagnosed, needs to be more prevalent than manic episodes

29
Q

Causal Factors in Mood Disorders

A
  • Depression
    * Genetic factors
    * Underactivity of norepinephrine,
    dopamine, serotonin
  • Bipolar disorder
    * Stronger genetic component than
    unipolar depression
    * Concordance rate is 5x higher among
    identical twins
    • Manic state - overproduction of the underactive neurotransmitters in depression
30
Q

Depressive Cognitive Triad

A

Negative thoughts concerning:
* The world
* Oneself
* The future

  • Cannot suppress negative thoughts
31
Q

Learning and Environmental Factors in Depression

A
  • Behavioural model of depression
  • Environmental
    * Poor parenting
    * Many stressful experiences
    * Coping skills
    * No positive self-concept
32
Q

Sociocultural Factors in Depression

A

Cultural Variation
* PREVALENCE of depressive disorders
* Feelings of GUILT & INADEQUACY
* Gender difference not found
- about the self, some symptoms more focused on than others in certain cultures

33
Q

Somatic Symptom Disorder

A
  • No known biological cause
  • Hypochondriasis (illness anxiety
    disorder)
  • Functional neurological symptom
    disorder
  • Glove anesthesia
34
Q

Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder

A

Feelings like paralysis, loss of sensation, sudden blindness - no known cause
- everything is physically healthy, but the person believes it is not, so it does not work
- Glove anesthesia - loses all sensation below the wrist
- technically impossible, but if the individual believes they have it,
they will feel it

35
Q

Schizophrenia

A

‘Split-mind’
- Alterations of thought, perception, consciousness - disconnection from reality (psychosis)

36
Q

Type I Schizophrenia

A
  • Positive symptoms
    • added to normal behaviour
  • Delusions, hallucinations, disordered speech
37
Q

Type II Schizophrenia

A
  • Negative symptoms
    • things missing in typical behaviour
  • Lack of emotion, expression
38
Q

Delusions

A

false beliefs
- about reality - thoughts that persist even when there are contradictions

39
Q

Hallucinations

A

false perceptions
- very vivid, very clear to the person experiencing them. Auditory - voice or voices
- Visual, tactile hallucinations - crawling sensation. Smell things that are not there

40
Q

Disorganized Behaviour (language) in Schizophrenia

A

acting in unusual ways
- wearing a lot of clothes when it is hot, issues with daily functioning, depends on the person and the people around them
- rhyming words

41
Q

Schizophrenia - biological factors

A
  • Genetics
    * Twins - higher concordance rate
  • Brain
    * Neurodegenerative Hypothesis
    * Atrophy & Destruction (loss of neurons
    in limbic system - emotions and
    processing. Differences in perception)
  • Dopamine hypothesis
42
Q

Neurodegenerative Hypothesis

A

destruction of neural tissue is the cause of
schizophrenia

43
Q

Dopamine Hypothesis

A

Overactivity of dopamine system in people with schizophrenia
* Regulate emotion, motivation, cognitive functioning
* Have to do with POSITIVE SYMPTOMS
* have more dopamine receptors and they react more to dopamine

44
Q

Schizophrenia: Environmental Factors

A
  • Stressful life events
  • Family dynamics
  • HIGH EXPRESSED EMOTION
    • high levels of criticism, hostility, and over involvement
45
Q

Social Causation Hypothesis (Schizophrenia: Sociocultural Factors)

A

Higher levels of stress among low income
families and cultures

46
Q

Social Drift Hypothesis

A

As functioning deteriorates (as people develop schizophrenia), they drift down the
socio-economic ladder

47
Q

Dissociative Amnesia

A

Selective memory loss following trauma

48
Q

Dissociative Fugue

A

Loss of all personal identity
- very rare
- not remember who they were, with the addition of a new identity
- original identity can suddenly come back, and the person does not remember what they did in the fugue

49
Q

Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)

A

2 or more separate personalities
- other personalities are called alters
- Each identity is unique - alters can differ in age, gender, not even human

50
Q

Trauma-dissociation Theory

A

DID generally results from severe traumatic experience in early childhood
- when their identity is not fully established
- Dissociate and remove themselves from the trauma, protection

51
Q

Personality Disorders

A

Exhibit stable, ingrained, inflexible, and maladaptive ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving
- LOTS of personality disorders

52
Q

Antisocial Personality Disorder

A
  • Lack of conscience
    - lack of concern for other people
  • Exhibit little anxiety or guilt
    - disregard rules, laws, show little anxiety
    and remorse for these
    - rationalizing their actions to themselves.
    Punishment does not work, due to lack of
    anxiety over actions
  • Highly manipulative
    - habitual lying
53
Q

Causal Factors in Antisocial Personality Disorder

A
  • Biological factors
    * Genetic predisposition
    * Dysfunction in brain structures
    * MRI - prefrontal cortex
  • Psychological and environmental factors
    * Psychodynamic view
    * LACK of a SUPEREGO - moralizing part of our personalities
    * result of NOT HAVING a PSYCHOLOGICALLY AVAILABLE PARENT
  • Learning explanations
    * No conditioned fear responses when
    punished
    * Exposure to deviant peers
54
Q

Borderline Personality Disorder

A
  • Instability in behavior, emotion, identity
    - intense fear of abandonment
  • Emotional dysregulation
  • Intense and unstable personal
    relationships
  • Impulsive behavior
    - drug abuse, self harm, binge eating
55
Q

Causal Factors in Borderline Personality Disorder

A
  • Chaotic personal histories
    - very unstable personal experiences
  • Treated malevolently
    * First memories
    * Caregivers – abusive, rejecting, non- affirming
    - lowers self esteem, really need approval from others
  • Biological factors

Psych 105 (5 decks)

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