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Psych 105 > Chapter 8 - Personality > Flashcards

Chapter 8 - Personality Flashcards

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1
Q

Personality

A

Enduring ways of thinking, feeling, and acting that characterize a person’s response to situations
- how we react and interact with our environments

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2
Q

What three aspects are attributed to personality?

A
  • Components of IDENTITY
    • that distinguish one person from another person
  • Perceived INTERNAL CAUSE
    • something inside of you, not the environment
  • Perceived ORGANIZATION and Structure
    • inner personality is what guides your behaviour, there is meaning to your behaviour
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3
Q

Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory

A

Unconscious part of mind = Powerful influence on behavior

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4
Q

Psychic Energy

A

Personality is an energy system, we run on this energy.
Powers the mind, direct or indirect release of energy
- Freud

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5
Q

According to Freud, mental events can be either..

A
  • Conscious
  • Preconscious
  • Unconscious
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6
Q

The Structure of Personality

A

Contains the conscious, preconscious, unconscious, superego, ego, and the id

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7
Q

Unconscious

A

Unavailable to awareness
- Contains the id
- Bulk, most important part of the mind according to Freud
- E.g. infantile memories, repressed wishes and conflicts

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8
Q

The id

A

Unconscious, is the largest structure at our core, only structure present at birth
PLEASURE PRINCIPLE - immediate gratification, regardless of ethical, rational situations and reality
- pleasure however it can

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9
Q

Preconscious

A

Available to awareness, but currently unaware of
- e.g. names of friends, home address

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10
Q

Ego

A

Delaying gratification until it is safe to act on impulses of the id, decides when the id can release psychic energy
- REALITY PRINCIPLE - ability of the mind to assess the reality of the external world, and to act upon it accordingly, as opposed to acting on the pleasure principle

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11
Q

Conscious

A

Immediate awareness of current environment

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12
Q

Superego

A

Contains a higher moral ground, way we should be leading our lives
- Morals take higher power over gratification
- Develops at age 4 or 5 - values, norms, ideals of society. Self control

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13
Q

Defense Mechanisms

A

Unconscious, undesirable, maladaptive behaviours resulting from the ego working with the id
- Protect us from internal conflict, anxiety, impulses

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14
Q

Repression

A

A defense mechanism that uses the ego to prevent anxiety inducing thoughts from being channeled or remembered

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15
Q

Denial

A

A defense mechanism that involves a person denying events, refuse to believe what is true

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16
Q

Displacement

A

A defense mechanism in which acceptable or dangerous impulse is repressed and held back, but is directed at another, more safer target

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17
Q

Sublimation

A

A defense mechanism in which behaviours and drives
are expressed in more acceptable behaviours, like exercising

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18
Q

Regression

A

A defense mechanism in which a person retreats into an child like state in order to not deal with their anxiety

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19
Q

Projection

A

A defense mechanism in which people attribute to others what is in their own minds
- unconsciously taking unwanted emotions or traits you don’t like about yourself and attributing them to someone else
- A common example is a cheating spouse who suspects their partner is being unfaithful

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20
Q

Rationalization

A

A defense mechanism that involves rationalizing your own behaviours to reduce feelings of anxiety or guilt

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21
Q

Psychosexual Development

A

Freud - our personalities are molded by early experiences, we pass through these stages
id, pleasure seeking tendencies are focused on different areas

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22
Q

Oral Stage in Psychosexual Development

A

Approximate Age: 0–2
Erogenous Zone: Mouth
Key Task: Weaning
Fixation if not resolved: Oral fixation

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23
Q

Anal Stage in Psychosexual Development

A

Approximate Age: 2-3
Erogenous Zone: Anus
Key Task: Toilet training
Fixation if not resolved: anal fixation - people who are going to be very obsessive, extreme orderliness

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24
Q

Phallic Stage in Psychosexual Development

A

Approximate Age: 4-6
Erogenous Zone: Genitals
Key Task: resolving Oedipus Complex - sexual desire for the other gender of parent, competing with the other parent
Fixation if not resolved: very vain and prideful

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25
Q

Latency Stage in Psychosexual Development

A

Approximate Age: 7-puberty
Erogenous Zone: None
Key Task: Developing social relationships
Fixation if not resolved: immaturity, inability to form adult relationships

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26
Q

Genital Stage in Psychosexual Development

A

Approximate Age: Puberty on
Erogenous Zone: Genitals
Key Task: Developing mature social and sexual relationships
Fixation if not resolved: don’t develop meaningful, mature relationships

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27
Q

Neoanalytic Approaches

A

Post-Freud - de-emphasising sexuality and de-emphasising the importance of the unconscious; focusing more on sociocultural factors

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28
Q

Adler

A

Neoanalytic psychologist who thought that humans are motivated by SOCIAL INTEREST, that we are STRIVING FOR SUPERIORITY and put social welfare over our own selfish impulses

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29
Q

Abraham Maslow

A

Humanistic Theorist that thought we should embrace the goodness of the human spirit, and believed in our highest goal:
Self actualization - reaching our top potential, highest expression of human nature

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30
Q

George Kelly’s Personal Construct Theory

A

Primary goal - make sense of the world by finding personal meaning in it
- Personal Constructs
- Humanistic approaches

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31
Q

Personal Constructs

A

Cognitive categories which sort the people and events in their lives
* Fixed-role therapy
- Humanistic approaches

32
Q

Fixed-Role therapies

A

Humanistic therapists write role descriptions for clients different from their own view, experience new role and
construct, use it in their own life

33
Q

Carl Rogers Self Theory

A

Central concept = self-concept
- behaviour is a response to our immediate conscious environment

34
Q

Self-Concept

A

Organized consistent set of perceptions and beliefs about yourself, what will guide your perceptions, which will guide your behaviours. Once developed, will be maintained

35
Q

Two important factors in Humanistic approaches

A
  • Self-consistency (with our beliefs and self perceptions)
  • Congruence (between perceptions and experiences)
36
Q

What happens when experience does not ‘match’
the self-concept?

A

Anxiety - Why do people treat me like that? I am a …

37
Q

What do healthy individuals modify according to humanistic approaches?

A

Self-concept - experiences they have in their live are congruent with their self perceptions

38
Q

Self-Esteem

A

How positively or negatively we feel about ourselves

39
Q

High Self-Esteem

A
  • Fewer interpersonal problems
  • Higher achievement
  • Happier
  • unconditional acceptance and love from caregivers in
    childhood, provided lots of positive reinforcement, revise their
    self concepts
40
Q

Low Self-Esteem

A

Anxiety, depression, poor achievement and relationships

41
Q

Need for Positive Regard

A

Need for acceptance, sympathy, love
- humanistic approaches

42
Q

Unconditional Positive Regard versus Conditional Positive Regard

A

Unconditional - Receiving that acceptance, sympathy, and love unconditionally no matter what the child does
- essential to healthy development
Conditional - that affection is given dependent on child’s behaviour, conditions attached for there to be love
- conditions of self worth, approve or disapprove of
themselves

43
Q

Positive Self-Regard

A

Experience of being understood & valued gives
us freedom to grow

44
Q

What does a lack of positive self-regard create?

A

Conditions of worth - rules that govern our values, beliefs and behaviours – if we break these rules, we expect to receive disapproval and rejection. They become part of our self- concept, and we accept them as the truth rather than as an opinion

45
Q

What is the evaluation of humanistic theories?

A
  • Too much reliance on self-reports
    • people are not always honest with themselves or others
  • Not scientific enough?
46
Q

What was humanistic theory’s contribution to psychotherapy approaches?

A

Perceived self vs. ideal self

47
Q

Trait theorists

A

Aim to describe individual traits in personality
- behaviours that define a particular trait
- biological perspective

48
Q

Gordon Allport

A

Trait theorist that developed words to describe the things that we notice
- e.g. introversion & extraversion

49
Q

Factor Analysis

A

Each dimension reflects a ‘continuum’ or spectrum of behavior
- group traits together, which traits are related together and which are not
- biological perspective

50
Q

Hans Eysenck’s Extraversion-Stability Model

A

Only 3 dimensions needed
* Extraversion / introversion
* Neuroticism (instability) / stability
* Psychoticism (unsympathetic) / socialized (self-control)

51
Q

The Five Factor Model

A

Big Five (OCEAN)
* Openness
* Conscientiousness (being careful or diligent while doing tasks)
* Extraversion
* Agreeableness
* Neuroticism

52
Q

What is Evidence for the biological perspective?

A
  • Extraversion vs. Introversion
    • different arousal patterns in the brain - introverts are over stimulated, extraverts are under stimulated
  • Neuroticism - stability
    • Differences in autonomic nervous system arousal
  • Novelty seeking, Impulsivity
    • Dopamine & serotonin
53
Q

Evaluating the Trait Approach, what are the pros and cons?

A

Pros - Focused on identifying & measuring personality
dispositions
Cons - Cannot explain underlying psychological mechanisms

54
Q

Social Cognitive Theories

A

Combine behavioural and cognitive perspectives - thinking human with external environments
- Behavioural - humans as reactors to outside environment
- Cognitive - uses reinforcement
- Support the principle of RECIPROCAL DETERMINISM

55
Q

Reciprocal Determinism

A

Where a person’s behaviour AND environment all influence one another in this pattern, a two-way linkage
- Social cognitive theories

56
Q

Julian Rotter

A

Behaviour governed by 2 factors:
* Expectancy
- Perceptions of the Likelihood of consequences given behavior in a specific situation
* Reinforcement
- How much we desire or dread
consequences of the behaviour?
- social cognitive theorist

57
Q

Locus of Control

A

Expectancy concerning personal control in our lives
- social cognitive approaches

58
Q

Internal locus of control

A
  • Events under personal control
  • Self-determined
  • Seek out information; becoming involved
  • very cooperative with others, resistant to social influence
  • health promoting behaviours
    I CONTROL
59
Q

External Locus of Control

A
  • Support the idea that fate is not their own
  • Luck, chance, powerful others
  • more likely to give into powerful others
60
Q

Albert Bandura

A

Social cognitive theorist who brought up the process of Human Agency

61
Q

Human Agency

A

Humans are active agents in their own lives, not at the mercy of our environments. Rather we make plans, set goals, and behave in different ways to reach our goals
- Albert Bandura
- social cognitive theory

62
Q

What are the four parts of Human Agency?

A
  • Intentionality
    • we plan, and modify our plans, and when we behave, its with intention
  • Forethought
    • set goals, can anticipate outcomes, actively choose behaviours that are relevant to our goals, because we can anticipate how that is going to end up for us
  • Self-reactiveness
    • process of regulating and motivating our actions, as well as modifying our goals and monitoring progress as needed
  • Self-reflectiveness
    • the way that we think. The way that we can evaluate our own motivations, values and goals
63
Q

Self-Efficacy

A

A person’s beliefs concerning ability to perform behaviors needed to achieve outcomes

64
Q

What four factors influence self-efficacy?

A
  • Performance Experience
    • Previous success and failure experiences that shape our beliefs on similar tasks
  • Observational Learning
    • Observations of the behaviours and consequences of others doing similar things in similar situations
    • If they can do it, so can I
  • Emotional Arousal
    • Arousal that can be interpreted as enthusiasm or anxiety
  • Verbal Persuasion
    • Encouraging or discouraging messages received from others; inspiration or discouragement
65
Q

What is the Evaluation of Social Cognitive Theories?

A
  • Puts insights from other
    perspectives into cognitive-behavioral concepts
  • Explains inconsistency of behavior
    • we do react differently to different situations
66
Q

Personality Assessment: Interviews

A
  • Structured set of questions
    • make different diagnoses, specific questions
  • Note behaviours - appearance, speech patterns
  • can obtain info about thoughts, feelings, internal states, about a person’s current or past relationships, their experiences in life, and their behaviours
67
Q

What are the Drawbacks of Interviews?

A
  • Characteristics of interviewer
    • can impact validity in the interview
  • Co-operation, honesty
    • can be dishonest
68
Q

Behavioural Assessment

A

Observing behaviour, observing the FREQUENCY the behaviour occurs, specific situations, under what conditions they are happening in
- Remote behavioural sampling

69
Q

Remote Behavioural Sampling

A

Collect samples of behaviors from participants, record responses of their mood every now and then. Thoughts, feelings, behaviours, situations. Find patterns
- Coding system - behaviours that are of interest

70
Q

Personality Scales

A

Use standard questions & agreed upon scoring key
- collect data from many people at the same time, same questions

71
Q

What is the disadvantage of personality scales?

A

Validity of answers
- people may answer dishonestly

72
Q

Projective Tests

A

Interpretation = ‘projection’ of inner workings

73
Q

What are the two main Projective Tests?

A
  • Rorschach Inkblots
  • Thematic Apperception Test
74
Q

Rorschach Inkblots

A

People look at inkblots, answer what they think they look like, and their answers are based off symbology - answers are categorized into types of objects seen and interpretations that
they make

75
Q

Thematic Apperception Test

A
  • Ambiguous illustrations/ photos
  • Asks people to ‘tell a story’ about what they see in the photos
  • asked a series of questions of the pictures, what led to this,
    what are they thinking, what is happening themes of the person - positive or negative outcome
76
Q

What tools do Each type of Theorist use? (5)

A
  • Psychodynamic = projective tests
  • Humanistic = self-report measures
    • focus on self concept, personal aspirations
  • Social-cognitive = behavioral assessments
    • rate their expectations about their futures, how they do
      in certain situations
  • Biological = physiological measurements
    • emotional reactivity - nervous system, arousal,
      brain processes and activity
  • Trait theorists = inventories
    • Cattell’s or OCEAN

Psych 105 (5 decks)

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