Chapter 6 - Treatment of Psych Disorders

Question 1

Goal of Psychoanalysis

Answer 1

Help patients achieve INSIGHT

Question 2

Insight

Answer 2

Conscious awareness of underlying problems
- psychoanalysis

Question 3

Free Association

Answer 3

Verbal reports on thoughts, feelings, or images that enter awareness without censorship
- provide clues to that unconscious

Question 4

Dream Interpretation

Answer 4

Help client understand the symbolic meaning of the dream
- expresses impulses, fantasies

Question 5

Resistance

Answer 5

Defensive maneuvers that hinder therapy
- Sign that anxiety-arousing material is approaching
- Avoidance patterns; protection
- Psychoanalysis

Question 6

Transference

Answer 6

Client responds irrationally to therapist as if they were an important figure from the client’s past
- Positive - affection, love for therapist
- Negative - anger at therapist
Psychoanalysis

Question 7

Psychodynamic Therapies

Answer 7

Briefer, more economical
- Focus on maladaptive past
- Employ in a focused, active fashion
- Meet once or twice a week, just focusing
on the issue at hand; underlying conflicts causing the disorder

Question 8

The Focus of Cognitive Therapies

Answer 8

Role of irrational and self-defeating thought patterns
* Help clients discover & change cognitions

Question 9

Beck’s Cognitive Therapy

Answer 9

Irrational beliefs
* POINT OUT errors of thinking
* IDENTIFY & REPROGRAM thought patterns
- viewing the world that is more in line with reality
- thoughts are the cause of these problems
- Before: maladaptive pattern. After: cognitive restructuring

Question 10

Rational Emotive Therapy (RET)

Answer 10

*A - Activating event (trigger)
*B - Belief system (that underlies the event)
*C - Consequences
* (emotional & behavioural)
*D - Disputing or challenging maladaptive emotions, behaviours

• Ellis
• Cognitive therapy

Question 11

Operant Conditioning

Answer 11

• Reward desirable behaviour
• Do nothing or punish undesirable behaviours
• Behaviour therapy

Question 12

Exposure

Answer 12

Treat phobias through exposure to feared stimulus in the absence of a threat
- repeatedly exposed to what causes the anxiety, try to break the association between the fear and the stimulus in a safe environment
- behaviour therapy

Question 13

Flooding

Answer 13

Exposed to real-life feared stimuli
- aka exposure therapy
- behaviour therapy

Question 14

Implosion

Answer 14

Imagine scenes involving stimuli, not physically interacting with it
- behaviour therapy

Question 15

Systematic Desensitization

Answer 15

• Eliminate anxiety through COUNTERCONDITIONING - a new response is conditioned to an anxiety arousing stimulus
• Relaxation and progressive association (listing fears in ascending order in a hierarchy of situations)
• behaviour therapy

Question 16

In-Vivo Desensitization

Answer 16

Controlled exposure to ‘real life’ situations
- Height phobia - someone standing on a bridge, but they are relaxed
- safe environment
- behaviour therapy

Question 17

Social Skills Training

Answer 17

Learning of new skills by observing and imitating a model
- therapist demonstrates, patient models them
- apply behaviour to real life situations;
success becomes really rewarding, encourages them to continue increased self esteem

Question 18

“Third-Wave” Cognitive-behaviour Therapies (CBT)

Answer 18

• Concepts of mindfulness
• Humanistic and eastern methods
  
  • feel good type therapy, improve yourself through yourself

Question 19

Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT)

Answer 19

• Focus on mindfulness as a vehicle of change
  
  • focus on client to notice and embrace
    thoughts and feelings, even negative
    ones. Accept them
• Don’t exert control over thoughts and feelings

Question 20

Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT)

Answer 20

Elements from multiple therapies
- Borderline Personality Disorder
- behavioural - interpersonal skills, problem solving
- cognitive - thinking about world and selves
- psychodynamic - history of events applied to what’s happening now

Question 21

Client-Centered Therapy (humanistic psychotherapies)

Answer 21

Focus:
* CONSCIOUS CONTROL of behavior
* PERSONAL RESPONSIBILITY
- a lot on positivity
- more on the future than the past
- client and therapist are equals

• Aka Person-centered therapy
  - helping encouraging people to reach
  their potential through their
  understanding
• Key figure: Carl Rogers
• Focused on therapeutic environment

Question 22

Three Traits in Client-Centered therapy

Answer 22

• Genuineness
  * Consistency in therapist’s
  feelings & behaviors
• Empathy
  * View through client’s eyes
• Unconditional positive regard
  * Accept clients without judgment
  * provides a sense of trust

Question 23

Psychopharmacology

Answer 23

Study of how drugs affect cognitions, emotions, and behaviour

Question 24

Psychotropics

Answer 24

Drugs that affect mental processes
- changing brain chemistry

Question 25

Tricyclics

Answer 25

Antidepressants that INCREASE activity of norepinephrine and serotonin by blocking the reuptake of these neurotransmitters

Question 26

Monoamine Oxidase (MAO) inhibitors

Answer 26

Antidepressants that increase activity of norepinephrine and serotonin by inhibiting the production of monoamine oxidase, the enzyme that breaks down neurotransmitters
- can have more serious side effects

Question 27

Selective Serotonin Reuptake inhibitors (SSRI)

Answer 27

Blocks reuptake of serotonin
- Milder side effects than other antidepressants

Question 28

Antipsychotic drugs

Answer 28

Reduce positive symptoms of schizophrenia by decreasing the action of dopamine

Question 29

Tardive Dyskinesia

Answer 29

Severe movement disorder that can result as a side effect of antipsychotic drugs
- uncontrolled facial and tongue movements

Question 30

Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)

Answer 30

• Observation of schizophrenia and epilepsy
• Treats severe depression (as a last resort)
• Procedure - patient given sedative and muscle relaxant
  
  • shocks are less than a second long

Question 31

Psychosurgery

Answer 31

Remove or destroy parts of the brain
- least used of biomedical procedures

Question 32

Lobotomy

Answer 32

Destroy nerve tracts to frontal lobes

Question 33

Cingulotomy

Answer 33

Cut frontal lobes and limbic system

Question 34

North American & Western European
Assumptions with Psychotherapy

Answer 34

• Problems originate within individual
• Take form of dysfunctional thinking,
  conflict, stress responses
• Not shared by all cultures
  - some cultures talk about mental health differently

Question 35

Cultural Norms with Psychotherapy

Answer 35

• Not seeking help outside one’s culture
  - due to history of frustrating experiences
  with people in power
• Language
  - finding someone who is versed in therapy
  who speaks the same language
• Access to treatment
  - affording therapy, not as present
  in small communities

Question 36

Culturally Competent Therapists

Answer 36

• Understand cultural background
• Attentive to differences from cultural
  stereotypes as well
  - use their knowledge of cultures to
  provide better services

Question 37

Factors affecting the outcome of therapy

Answer 37

Therapist values
- e.g., empathy, genuineness, experience
Client variables
- e.g., nature of problem, client motivation
- why the client is seeking help, time
and energy for therapy. Client also has
to put in work
Techniques
- e.g., timing of interpretations, specific
techniques
- type of perspective