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Psych 105 > Chapter 7 - Social Psychology > Flashcards

Chapter 7 - Social Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

What do we like about Group Membership?

A

We like social connection, it’s advantageous
* Big brains (big part dedicated to being social)
* a need for this is what makes us social animals

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2
Q

In groups

A

Groups that people belong to

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3
Q

Out groups

A

Groups that people do not belong to
- e.g. not riding a motorcycle

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3
Q

What is Membership Based on?

A
  1. Reciprocity
    I scratch your back, you scratch mine
  2. Transitivity (related to balance theory)
    a=b and b=c, so a=c
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4
Q

Balance Theory

A

Like transitivity. Idea that people are really motivated to have harmony in their relationships

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5
Q

Prejudice and Discrimination

A

Prejudice - attitudes about a specific group of people
Discrimination - behaviours toward these groups

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6
Q

Us-Them Thinking

A

Out-group homogeneity bias
* ‘They’ are more similar; all are alike
In-group favoritism & out-group derogation
* tendency for favour in group members, attribute more positivity - better treatment
* attribute more negativity qualities to the out group

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7
Q

Out-group homogeneity bias

A

Tendency to view people as the out group are less varied than those in their in group
- ‘They’ are more similar; all are alike

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8
Q

Realistic Conflict Theory

A

Competition for limited resources fosters prejudice
- people feeling threats towards their in-groups

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9
Q

Social Identity Theory

A

Prejudice stems from a need to enhance self-esteem
- people experience pride within their in group, becomes part of your identity
- prejudice as a result of a threat to that identity

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10
Q

Stereotype

A

Schema that makes processing easy, based on membership to certain groups
- Subtyping

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11
Q

Subtyping

A

Person does not fit into stereotype
- rationalize things, this person just happens to be an
exception to the stereotype

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12
Q

Implicit Bias Test

A

Tests automatic, unconscious bias. Stereotypes that affect us unconsciously

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13
Q

Shooter Bias Effect

A

People look a photos, and decide whether the person in the photo would shoot or don’t shoot. Non gun photos - more likely to click shoot if the person is black, don’t shoot if white

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14
Q

Stereotype Threat

A

Stereotypes create self-consciousness and change in behavior
- that they are going to act in a way that confirms these stereotypes because they have that belief
- expectations based on stereotypes

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15
Q

What helps with Stereotype threat?

A

Education
- this is a natural thing to be feeling
let them understand this is happening
Self-affirmation
- that they are good at this,
no matter what is implied

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16
Q

Attribution

A

Judgments about causes of our or other people’s behavior and outcomes
- explanations for people’s different behaviours, help us to predict things, that there is order

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17
Q

Personal Attributions

A

Behavior is caused by internal characteristics
- internal factors: abilities, traits, moods, efforts
- got a good mark because you are smart

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18
Q

Situational Attribution

A

Situations cause behavior
- external attributions: luck, accident, actions of other people

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19
Q

Fundamental Attribution Error

A
  • Underestimate situational factors
  • Overestimate personal factors
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20
Q

Individualistic Cultures and attribution

A

More personal attributions

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21
Q

Collectivist Cultures and attribution

A

Consider situational attributions

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22
Q

Nonverbal Behaviour

A

Facial expressions, gestures, movements
- Slices of behaviour
- judging someone, only takes a few seconds to interpret what they are saying - thin slices

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23
Q

Affiliation

A

Close association to others
- brings us company, basic social contact necessary
for humans

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24
Q

What are the Four Psychological Reasons for Affiliation

A
  • Obtain POSITIVE STIMULATION from others
  • Receive EMOTIONAL SUPPORT from others
  • Gain ATTENTION
  • Social COMPARISON
    • when we affiliate with others, we can compare our thoughts and actions with other people and the world.
      Self vs. others
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25
Q

Reasons for Social Relations

A
  • High need for AFFILIATION
    • people who have more friends, who think about making plans, exciting
  • Sense of COMMUNITY
    • enjoy engaging with other people, working towards something similar
  • FEAR
    • increase need to be with other people
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26
Q

Initial Attraction and the factors involved

A

Attraction to people, romantic or friendship
* Physical proximity
- how often people come into contact with each other,
physically near
* Mere exposure effect
* Similarity: Birds of a feather
* Personal characteristics
* Reliable and competent

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27
Q

Mere Exposure Effect

A

Familiarity - repeated exposure to a stimulus, increases
the liking of that stimulus

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28
Q

Birds of a Feather

A

Like people who are more similar to us than dissimilar, look like us, but also beliefs and attitudes - can validate our
attitudes and beliefs.

29
Q

What is attractive?

A
  • Symmetry?
    • rule of thumb
  • Dominance?
    • high status
30
Q

Characteristics of Attractiveness

A
  • What is beautiful is good stereotype
  • Assume positive characteristics
    • more positive personality characteristics than less attractive people, less likely to be perceived as criminals
  • Mixed findings
  • The matching effect
    • same beauty as you
31
Q

Passionate Love

A

Intense, sexual
- head over heels in love
- exists very early in relationships

32
Q

Companionate Love

A

Caring, COMMITMENT, supporting
- more based on friendship, respect and INTIMACY

33
Q

Empty Love

A

Commitment alone

34
Q

Consummate Love

A

Intimacy + passion + commitment

35
Q

Triangular Theory of Love

A
  • Intimacy
    • Value and closeness
  • Passion
    • Romance and sexual attraction
  • Commitment
    • Decision to stay together
36
Q

Social Loafing

A

How actions are influenced by the desire to be in a group, and to stay in it
* ‘Failing to pull your weight’
* Expend less individual effort when working in group

37
Q

Collective Effort Model

A

Social loafing is more likely to occur when..
1. Individual performance is NOT BEING MONITORED
2. Goal or task has LITTLE VALUE
3. Group is LESS BASIC
4. Task is SIMPLE & person’s effort is
REDUNDANT
- their addition to the group is redundant compared to the other group members

38
Q

Group Polarization

A

‘ Average’ opinion of group becomes
more extreme
- more liberal, risky or cautious due to the opinions
of the group
- move further in a particular direction as discussed

39
Q

What are the Causes of Group Polarization?

A
  • Normative social influence
  • Informational social influence
40
Q

Normative Social Influence

A

Individuals in the group are more willing to adopt an extreme position so that they can gain APPROVAL of the group, avoid looking silly, even if they think the group is wrong
- We conform to obtain rewards that come with being accepted by other people, while also avoiding rejection

41
Q

Informational Social Influence

A

When things are uncertain, people will LOOK TO THE GROUP for how to respond. If they hear the support, they are more likely to adopt the extreme position, what to think or do
- conforming when you look at others

  • We follow the opinions or behaviour of other people because we believe that they have accurate knowledge and what they are doing is right
42
Q

Groupthink

A

When a group ignores critical thinking when seeking agreement
- make poor decisions to maintain agreement

43
Q

What are the Causes of Groupthink?

A
  1. HIGH STRESS to make decision
  2. INSULATION from outside input
  3. DIRECTIVE LEADER who promotes his or her personal agenda
  4. High group COHESION
    • reflect spirit of closeness, we are “in this together”
      suspend judgements to look loyal
44
Q

What does Conformity involve an Adjustment of?

A
  • Behaviors, Attitudes, Beliefs
  • To a group standard
45
Q

What are the Factors that affect conformity?

A
  • Group SIZE
  • Presence of a DISSENTER
    • someone who says something different, disagreement
  • Type of CULTURE
    • higher in collectivist cultures
  • MINORITY INFLUENCE
    • has to be very committed to their pov, remain independent in the face of majority pressure, but keep an open mind
      Consistency is the strongest part
46
Q

Milgram Study on Obedience

A

experimenter, teacher and the learner
deception - learner was in on the experiment
The teacher and learner arrived together. Experimenter told them they were taking part in a study on memory and learning, to see the effect of punishment on memory.
Electric chair.
Experimenter looked like an authority, every time the learner (confederate)
was incorrect, the experimenter would tell the teacher to administer a shock.
Not really a shock, just a sound a the learner pretended to be
shocked

47
Q

Characteristics of Obedience

A
  • Remoteness of victim
  • Closeness & legitimacy of authority figure
    • highest when authority figure is close, and looking legitimate
  • Cog in a wheel
    • increases when someone else does that work
48
Q

Compliance

A

Tendency to agree to do things that people ask of you
- strategies that manipulate you into saying yes,
when you want to say no

49
Q

Norm of Reciprocity

A

Expectation that when others treat us well, we should respond in kind
- obligation, tit for tat

50
Q

Door-in-the-face-technique

A
  • Make a large request
  • Then makes a smaller request
  • get door shut in your face with the first request. No to $25 donation, but yes to $5
51
Q

Foot-in-the-door-technique

A
  • Persuader obtains gets a small request
  • Persuader later presents a larger request
  • small sample of food, then asked if you want the combo
    buildup to the larger request they want you to do
52
Q

Attitudes

A

Positive or negative evaluative reactions toward a stimulus
- influence on our behaviour

53
Q

What are the two factors in Attitudes?

A
  1. Are aware of attitudes & strongly held attitudes
  2. Attitudes predict general behavior
    • General attitudes match with general behaviours. The more specific the attitude, the more predictable the behaviour
54
Q

Cognitive Dissonance Theory

A
  • Two inconsistent cognitions = cognitive dissonance
  • Strive for consistency in cognitions
  • people striving for consistency in their cognition, you think one thing but then one person thinks another
55
Q

Counter Attitudinal Behaviour

A
  • Inconsistent with one’s attitude
  • Produces dissonance if freely chosen
  • Going against beliefs, free choice, causes internal conflict, then they rationalize to ease that internal tension
56
Q

Persuasion, and what does it include

A

Active and conscious effort to change an attitude or behavior through the transmission of a message. Includes communicator, message, and audience

57
Q

Communicator Credibility

A
  • Similarity
    • to yourself, likeable, attractiveness
  • Celebrities
  • Expertise & trustworthiness
    • presenting the truth in an unbiased way, expert in the field
    • message does not matter as much as the credible source
58
Q

The Message in persuasion

A
  • Use emotions
    • strongest messages are emotional messages
  • Mere exposure effect
    • watching, seeing, hearing the same message over and over
      to keep it in your head
  • One-sided vs. two-sided messages
    • One-sided: when the audience is on the communicator side
    • two-sided: keep the message more moderate
59
Q

Elaboration Likelihood Model

A

Two ways the message can lead to persuasion in the audience
- Central route to persuasion
- Peripheral route to persuasion

60
Q

Central Route to Persuasion

A

For people w think carefully about the message and find arguments compelling
- deeper foundation for attitudes that will last longer, really good for someone who is really paying attention to the message

61
Q

Peripheral Route to Persuasion

A

Influenced by other factors than message
- for people not scrutinizing details in the message, do not care, or are unmotivated to process the individual details of the message

62
Q

The Mere Presence of Others

A

Others can
* Enhance or hinder performance
* Depends upon the task

63
Q

Eusocial beings

A

Live in groups, cooperative care, multiple generations, division of labor

64
Q

Aggression

A

Any behavior that involves intention
to harm another
* Can be learned
- emotional harm, words, insults, learned through the environment, observation, learning
* Crowding and heat

65
Q

Frustration-aggression hypothesis

A
  • Frustration leads to aggression
  • Aggression is result of frustration
66
Q

Factors that Affect Aggression

A
  • Self-justification
  • Attribution of intentionality
    • if we perceive actions as intentional, we will be more likely to engage in aggression. If you think someone is mad at you, they probably are not, but its up to interpretation
  • Degree of empathy
    • how well we understand the other person’s perspective,
      why they did what they did
67
Q

Biological Factors in Aggression

A
  • Testosterone
    • rises right before something aggressive, also when we are
      the spectators
  • Serotonin
    • disruption to serotonin can cause a person to be more impulsive (form of aggression)
    • regulation of aggression
  • MAOA (monoamine oxidase) gene
    • regulates activity of neurotransmitters, involved in aggression and violence, more about susceptibility
  • A culture of honor
68
Q

Prosocial Behaviour

A

Behaviours that have the intent of benefitting others, but you do not have to engage in these behaviours
- prosocial behaviour is more directed toward familiar beings
Learned through: socialization, modeling, reinforcement

69
Q

Norm of Social Responsibility

A

We should try to help others who need assistance, even without any expectation of future paybacks
- we have a responsibility to our community and society

70
Q

What factors influence who we help?

A

Similarity of person to ourselves
* Similarity
- attitudes, ethnicity, etc
* Gender
* Victim
- more likely to help someone if their circumstance is out of their control

71
Q

Just-world Hypothesis

A

Ideology that some people ‘get what
they deserve’
- these people deserved what happened to them, reduces feelings of responsibility to help

Psych 105 (5 decks)

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