Les 4 - DATA PROCESSING AND STATISTICAL TREATMENT

Question 1

involves the conversion of data in either manually or digitally into quantitative and qualitative forms for use in research analysis. It involves 3 general steps.

Answer 1

Data Processing
1. Categorization
2. Coding
3. Tabulation of Data

Question 2

Nature of statistics

Answer 2

A. As a body of knowledge or science (study of data, population/s, variations, distributions)
B. As a mass of data

Question 3

Two Major Areas of Statistics

Answer 3

Descriptive and Inferential Statistics

Question 4

concerned with the methods for collection, organizing, and describing a set of data so as to yield meaningful information.

Answer 4

Descriptive Statistics

Question 5

comprises those procedures for drawing inferences or making generalizations about characteristics of a population based on partial and incomplete information obtained from a sample of the population

Answer 5

Inferential Statistics

Question 6

Parameter vs Statistic (differences in meaning and symbols used)

Answer 6

A parameter is a number describing a whole population (e.g., µ, σ), while a statistic is a number describing a sample (e.g., x̄, sd)

Question 7

is any trait or attribute that vary from
person to person or case to case

Answer 7

variable

Question 8

_______________ refer to any recorded information derived from counts, measurements, observations, interviews, experiments and other techniques. The data originally measured are referred to as _______________.

Answer 8

Statistical Data; Raw Data

Question 9

Qualitative vs Quantitative Variables

Answer 9

classifies objects or cases according to the type or quality (qualitative) or the degree or amount (quantitative) of their attributes

Question 10

Discrete vs Continuous Variables

Answer 10

1. Discrete variable – the observations on the
   variable are countable units, expressed as
   whole numbers
2. Continuous variable – can assume an
   infinitely large number of small, fractional
   values on a continuum

Question 11

classifies data into distinct categories in which no ranking is implied. Weakest form of measurement.

Answer 11

Nominal

Question 12

classifies values into distinct categories in which ranking is implied.

Answer 12

Ordinal

Question 13

is an ordered scale in which the difference between measurements is a meaningful quantity but does not involve a true zero point; difference has the same meaning anywhere on the scale.

Answer 13

Interval

Question 14

is an ordered scale in which the difference between the measurements involves a true zero point, as in height, weight, age, or salary measurements

Answer 14

Ratio

Question 15

Identify the the levels of measurement of the following: Exam score, temperature in C, Age, Types of Rocks, Officer Hierarchy, Cost of Unliwings

Answer 15

Exam score, temperature in C, Age, Types of Rocks, Officer Hierarchy, Cost of Unliwings

Interval, Interval, Ratio, Nominal, Ordinal, Ratio

Question 16

is a powerful statistical software platform that offers a user-friendly interface and a robust set of features that lets your organization quickly extract actionable insights
from your data according to International Business Machines Corporation (IBM)

Answer 16

SPSS (Statistical Package
for Social Sciences)

Question 17

SPSS Statistical Steps

Answer 17

Setting up a Data File, Preparing a Code Book, Putting your ideas into work, Creating on SPSS Data File, Hypothesis Testing: P-value Approach

Question 18

If null hypothesis is true but rejected.

Answer 18

Type I Error

Question 19

If null hypothesis is wrong but failed to reject

Answer 19

Type II Error

Question 20

Type of Error: Saying you’re pregnant to a man

Answer 20

Type I Error

Question 21

Type of Error: Saying you’re not pregnant to a pregnant woman

Answer 21

Type II Error

Question 22

concerned with the brief descriptive coefficients that summarize a given data set, which can be either a representation of the entire population or a sample of a population. Includes measures of central tendency and measures of variability (spread).

Answer 22

Descriptive Statistics

Question 23

It is better to use __________ on categorical variables and ____________ for continuous variables in Descriptive Statistics.

Answer 23

Frequencies, Descriptives

Question 24

Normality Value for Skewness, Kurtosis, Z-score, COV, Shapiro-Wilk’s W test, and Kolmogorov-Smirnov test?

Answer 24

Normality Value for Skewness, Kurtosis, Z-score, COV, Shapiro-Wilk’s W test, and Kolmogorov-Smirnov test?
± 2, ± 7, ± 3, <30%, >α (one-tailed) or >α/2 (two-tailed), >α (one-tailed) or >α/2 (two-tailed)

Question 25

It is useful for identifying outliers

Answer 25

Z-score

Question 26

One-tailed or Two-tailed?
A.
Ho: µ = 100
Ha: µ ≠ 100
B.
Ho: µ = 100
Ha: µ > 100

Answer 26

A. Two-tailed
B. One-tailed

Question 27

is a measure of association between
two variables. The variables are not designated as dependent or independent

Answer 27

Correlation

Question 28

Pearson correlation for 2 samples (r), Interpret results:
α = 0.01
r = -0.774
Sig. (2-tailed) = 0.003

Answer 28

The correlation is SIGNIFICANT (Sig. < α) the relationship is NEGATIVE and the degree and strength of association between two scores is VERY GOOD (0.774 or 77.4% is within 0.66-0.85)