Les 3 - RESEARCH DESIGN AND PARADIGM Flashcards
is the arrangement of conditions for ๐ฐ๐ผ๐น๐น๐ฒ๐ฐ๐๐ถ๐ผ๐ป ๐ฎ๐ป๐ฑ ๐ฎ๐ป๐ฎ๐น๐๐๐ถ๐ ๐ผ๐ณ ๐ฑ๐ฎ๐๐ฎ in a manner that aims to combine relevance to the research purpose.
Research Design
it deals with the ๐บ๐ฒ๐๐ต๐ผ๐ฑ ๐ผ๐ณ ๐๐ฒ๐น๐ฒ๐ฐ๐๐ถ๐ป๐ด ๐ถ๐๐ฒ๐บ๐ to be observed for the given study
Sampling Methods
it relates to the conditions under which the ๐ผ๐ฏ๐๐ฒ๐ฟ๐๐ฎ๐๐ถ๐ผ๐ป๐ are to be made
Observational Design
it concerns with the question of ๐ต๐ผ๐ ๐บ๐ฎ๐ป๐ ๐ถ๐๐ฒ๐บ๐ ๐ฎ๐ฟ๐ฒ ๐๐ผ ๐ฏ๐ฒ ๐ผ๐ฏ๐๐ฒ๐ฟ๐๐ฒ๐ฑ and how the information and data gathered are to
be analyzed
Statistical Design
which deals with the ๐๐ฒ๐ฐ๐ต๐ป๐ถ๐พ๐๐ฒ๐ by which the procedures specified ๐ถ๐ป ๐๐ต๐ฒ ๐๐ฎ๐บ๐ฝ๐น๐ถ๐ป๐ด, ๐๐๐ฎ๐๐ถ๐๐๐ถ๐ฐ๐ฎ๐น ๐ฎ๐ป๐ฑ ๐ผ๐ฏ๐๐ฒ๐ฟ๐๐ฎ๐๐ถ๐ผ๐ป๐ฎ๐น ๐ฑ๐ฒ๐๐ถ๐ด๐ป๐
๐ฐ๐ฎ๐ป ๐ฏ๐ฒ ๐ฐ๐ฎ๐ฟ๐ฟ๐ถ๐ฒ๐ฑ ๐ผ๐๐.
Operational Design
Importance of research design? (3)
a. It is a ๐ฝ๐น๐ฎ๐ป that specifies the sources and types of information relevant to the research problem;
b. It is a ๐๐๐ฟ๐ฎ๐๐ฒ๐ด๐ specifying which approach will be used for gathering and analyzing the data; and
c. It also includes the ๐๐ถ๐บ๐ฒ ๐ฎ๐ป๐ฑ ๐ฐ๐ผ๐๐ budgets since most studies are done under these two constraints.
The minimum requirements for research design? (3)
- A clear ๐๐๐ฎ๐๐ฒ๐บ๐ฒ๐ป๐ ๐ผ๐ณ ๐๐ต๐ฒ ๐ฝ๐ฟ๐ผ๐ฏ๐น๐ฒ๐บ;
- ๐ฃ๐ฟ๐ผ๐ฐ๐ฒ๐ฑ๐๐ฟ๐ฒ๐ and techniques to be used ๐ณ๐ผ๐ฟ ๐ด๐ฎ๐๐ต๐ฒ๐ฟ๐ถ๐ป๐ด ๐ฑ๐ฎ๐๐ฎ;
- The ๐ฝ๐ผ๐ฝ๐๐น๐ฎ๐๐ถ๐ผ๐ป to be studied; and
- ๐ ๐ฒ๐๐ต๐ผ๐ฑ๐ to be used in ๐ฝ๐ฟ๐ผ๐ฐ๐ฒ๐๐๐ถ๐ป๐ด ๐ฎ๐ป๐ฑ ๐ฎ๐ป๐ฎ๐น๐๐๐ถ๐ป๐ด ๐ฑ๐ฎ๐๐ฎ
Features of a good research design? (2)
- ๐ ๐ถ๐ป๐ถ๐บ๐ถ๐๐ฒ๐ ๐ฏ๐ถ๐ฎ๐ ๐ฎ๐ป๐ฑ ๐บ๐ฎ๐ ๐ถ๐บ๐ถ๐๐ฒ๐ ๐๐ต๐ฒ ๐ฟ๐ฒ๐น๐ถ๐ฎ๐ฏ๐ถ๐น๐ถ๐๐ of the data collected and analyzed.
- Yields ๐บ๐ฎ๐ ๐ถ๐บ๐ฎ๐น ๐ถ๐ป๐ณ๐ผ๐ฟ๐บ๐ฎ๐๐ถ๐ผ๐ป and ๐ฝ๐ฟ๐ผ๐๐ถ๐ฑ๐ฒ๐ ๐ฎ๐ป ๐ผ๐ฝ๐ฝ๐ผ๐ฟ๐๐๐ป๐ถ๐๐ ๐ณ๐ผ๐ฟ ๐ฐ๐ผ๐ป๐๐ถ๐ฑ๐ฒ๐ฟ๐ถ๐ป๐ด ๐บ๐ฎ๐ป๐ ๐ฑ๐ถ๐ณ๐ณ๐ฒ๐ฟ๐ฒ๐ป๐ ๐ฎ๐๐ฝ๐ฒ๐ฐ๐๐ ๐ผ๐ณ ๐ฎ ๐ฝ๐ฟ๐ผ๐ฏ๐น๐ฒ๐บ.
Factors to consider for an appropriate research design (5)
- the means of obtaining information;
- the availability and skills of the researcher and his staff, if any;
- the nature of the problem to be studied;
- the objective of the problem to be studied; and
- the availability of time and money for the
research work
3 types of research designs
- Historical Research Design;
- Descriptive Research Design; and
- Experimental Research Design;
Involves the scientific critical inquiry of the whole truth of past events using various methods in the understanding and interpretation of facts which are applicable to current issues and problems. It is based upon the reports of observations which cannot be repeated, although similar events may occur
Historical Research Design
There are 3 steps of historical research (Good and Scates, 1972)
-Collection of data
-Criticism of the data collected
-Presentation of the facts in readable form
All are primary sources EXCEPT: Equipment, documents, pictures, encyclopedia
Encyclopedia
defined as a purposive process of gathering, analyzing, classifying, and tabulating data about prevailing conditions, practices, beliefs, processes, trends, and cause-effect relationships and then making adequate and accurate interpretation about such data with or without the aid of statistical methods
Descriptive Research Design
Common techniques employed in descriptive research design (3)
๐ฆ๐๐ฟ๐๐ฒ๐ ๐บ๐ฒ๐๐ต๐ผ๐ฑ - fact-finding study with
adequate and accurate interpretation. It is
used to ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐
๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐
๐๐๐ about
peopleโs behavior, practices, intentions,
beliefs, attitudes, opinions, judgments,
interests, perceptions, and the like.
๐๐ฎ๐๐ฒ ๐ฆ๐๐๐ฑ๐ - a comprehensive,
complete, detailed, and ๐๐-๐
๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐
๐ ๐๐๐
๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ of an individual, institution,
group, or community.
๐๐ผ๐ป๐๐ฒ๐ป๐ ๐๐ป๐ฎ๐น๐๐๐ถ๐ - a research tool used
to determine the ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐
๐, ๐๐๐๐๐๐, ๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ within some
given qualitative data (i.e., text).
Characteristics of descriptive research design include, but not limited to the following (7)
a. ๐๐๐ฐ๐ฒ๐ฟ๐๐ฎ๐ถ๐ป๐ ๐ฝ๐ฟ๐ฒ๐๐ฎ๐ถ๐น๐ถ๐ป๐ด ๐ฐ๐ผ๐ป๐ฑ๐ถ๐๐ถ๐ผ๐ป๐ of facts in a
group or case under study.
b. It gives either a ๐พ๐๐ฎ๐น๐ถ๐๐ฎ๐๐ถ๐๐ฒ ๐ผ๐ฟ ๐พ๐๐ฎ๐ป๐๐ถ๐๐ฎ๐๐ถ๐๐ฒ, or both, description for the general characteristics of the group or case under study.
c. ๐๐ฑ๐ฒ๐ป๐๐ถ๐ณ๐ถ๐ฒ๐ ๐๐ต๐ฒ ๐ฐ๐ฎ๐๐๐ฒ/s of prevailing conditions.
d. ๐๐ผ๐บ๐ฝ๐ฎ๐ฟ๐ถ๐๐ผ๐ป๐ of the characteristics ๐ผ๐ณ ๐๐๐ผ ๐ด๐ฟ๐ผ๐๐ฝ๐ ๐ผ๐ฟ ๐ฐ๐ฎ๐๐ฒ๐ may be made to determine their ๐๐ถ๐บ๐ถ๐น๐ฎ๐ฟ๐ถ๐๐ถ๐ฒ๐ ๐ฎ๐ป๐ฑ ๐ฑ๐ถ๐ณ๐ณ๐ฒ๐ฟ๐ฒ๐ป๐ฐ๐ฒ๐.
e. The variables or conditions studied in
descriptive research are ๐ป๐ผ๐ ๐๐๐๐ฎ๐น๐น๐ ๐ฐ๐ผ๐ป๐๐ฟ๐ผ๐น๐น๐ฒ๐ฑ.
f. Descriptive studies, except in case studies, are generally ๐ฐ๐ฟ๐ผ๐๐-๐๐ฒ๐ฐ๐๐ถ๐ผ๐ป๐ฎ๐น, that is, it studies the different sections belonging to the same group.
g. Studies on prevailing conditions may or can be ๐ฟ๐ฒ๐ฝ๐ฒ๐ฎ๐๐ฒ๐ฑ for purpose of verification and
comparison
The researcher manipulates and controls one or more independent variables for variation related to the manipulation of the dependent variable (a problem-solving approach)
Experimental Research Design
Target Population vs Accessible Population
Population: all members of a specified group
- Target population โ the population to which the researcher ideally wants to generalize
- Accessible population โ the population to which the researcher has access
- a subset of a population
- a specific individual participating in a study
Sample; Subject
The specific method used to select a sample from a population
Sampling Technique
Sampling is applicable if the population of the study is too large, especially if the 7Ms are limited. (What are the 7Ms)
manpower, money, materials, machinery, methods, moment, and marketing of the researcher
Gay (1978) as cited by Sevilla et al. (1978) offers some minimum acceptable sizes as follows:
Descriptive Research: small population? large population?
Experimental Research: minimum subjects per group?
Descriptive Research: 20% for a smaller
population as small as 500 and below and 10% of the population for a larger population as large as 1,000.
Experimental Research: 30 per group as minimum, although 15 subjects are acceptable
Sampling Technique used by researcher when he knows nothing about the target population
Slovinโs Formula
allows a researcher to calculate an ideal sample size given a desired level of precision, desired confidence level, and the estimated proportion of the attribute present in the population (usually for large populations)
Cochranโs Formula
Review Lynch et al. Formula
-
Review Cochranโs Formula modification for smaller populations
-
Three Fundamental steps in choosing a sampling design
- Identify a population
- Define the sample size
- Select the sample
Four Random Sampling Techniques
o Random
o Stratified random
o Cluster
o Systematic
Selecting subjects so that all members of a
population have an equal and independent chance of being selected
Random Sampling
Advantages and Disadvantages of Random Sampling
- Advantages - High probability of achieving a
representative sample and Meets assumptions of many statistical procedures - Disadvantages - Identification of all members of the population can be difficult and Contacting all members of the sample can be difficult
Selecting subjects so that relevant subgroups in the population (i.e., strata) are guaranteed
representation
Stratified Random Sampling
Advantages and Disadvantages of Stratified Random Sampling
- Advantage โ representation of subgroups in the sample
- Disadvantages - Identification of all members of the population can be difficult; Identifying
members of all subgroups can be difficult
a type of sampling method in which we split a
population into clusters, then randomly select
some of the clusters and include all members
from those clusters in the sample.
Cluster Sampling
Advantages and Disadvantages of Cluster Sampling
- Advantages - Very useful when populations are large and spread over a large geographic region; Convenient and expedient
- Disadvantages - Representation is likely to
become an issue; Assumptions of some statistical procedures can be violated
Selecting every Kth subject from a list of the
members of the population
Systematic Sampling
Selection based on the availability of subjects; Concerns related to representation and generalizability
Convenience Sampling
Selection based on the researcherโs experience and knowledge of the group being sampled
Purposive Sampling
