Les 3 - RESEARCH DESIGN AND PARADIGM

Question 1

is the arrangement of conditions for 𝗰𝗼𝗹𝗹𝗲𝗰𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗮𝗻𝗮𝗹𝘆𝘀𝗶𝘀 𝗼𝗳 𝗱𝗮𝘁𝗮 in a manner that aims to combine relevance to the research purpose.

Answer 1

Research Design

Question 2

it deals with the 𝗺𝗲𝘁𝗵𝗼𝗱 𝗼𝗳 𝘀𝗲𝗹𝗲𝗰𝘁𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗶𝘁𝗲𝗺𝘀 to be observed for the given study

Answer 2

Sampling Methods

Question 3

it relates to the conditions under which the 𝗼𝗯𝘀𝗲𝗿𝘃𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝘀 are to be made

Answer 3

Observational Design

Question 4

it concerns with the question of 𝗵𝗼𝘄 𝗺𝗮𝗻𝘆 𝗶𝘁𝗲𝗺𝘀 𝗮𝗿𝗲 𝘁𝗼 𝗯𝗲 𝗼𝗯𝘀𝗲𝗿𝘃𝗲𝗱 and how the information and data gathered are to
be analyzed

Answer 4

Statistical Design

Question 5

which deals with the 𝘁𝗲𝗰𝗵𝗻𝗶𝗾𝘂𝗲𝘀 by which the procedures specified 𝗶𝗻 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝘀𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗴, 𝘀𝘁𝗮𝘁𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗼𝗯𝘀𝗲𝗿𝘃𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝗮𝗹 𝗱𝗲𝘀𝗶𝗴𝗻𝘀
𝗰𝗮𝗻 𝗯𝗲 𝗰𝗮𝗿𝗿𝗶𝗲𝗱 𝗼𝘂𝘁.

Answer 5

Operational Design

Question 6

Importance of research design? (3)

Answer 6

a. It is a 𝗽𝗹𝗮𝗻 that specifies the sources and types of information relevant to the research problem;
b. It is a 𝘀𝘁𝗿𝗮𝘁𝗲𝗴𝘆 specifying which approach will be used for gathering and analyzing the data; and
c. It also includes the 𝘁𝗶𝗺𝗲 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗰𝗼𝘀𝘁 budgets since most studies are done under these two constraints.

Question 7

The minimum requirements for research design? (3)

Answer 7

1. A clear 𝘀𝘁𝗮𝘁𝗲𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁 𝗼𝗳 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗽𝗿𝗼𝗯𝗹𝗲𝗺;
2. 𝗣𝗿𝗼𝗰𝗲𝗱𝘂𝗿𝗲𝘀 and techniques to be used 𝗳𝗼𝗿 𝗴𝗮𝘁𝗵𝗲𝗿𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗱𝗮𝘁𝗮;
3. The 𝗽𝗼𝗽𝘂𝗹𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 to be studied; and
4. 𝗠𝗲𝘁𝗵𝗼𝗱𝘀 to be used in 𝗽𝗿𝗼𝗰𝗲𝘀𝘀𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗮𝗻𝗮𝗹𝘆𝘇𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗱𝗮𝘁𝗮

Question 8

Features of a good research design? (2)

Answer 8

1. 𝗠𝗶𝗻𝗶𝗺𝗶𝘇𝗲𝘀 𝗯𝗶𝗮𝘀 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗺𝗮𝘅𝗶𝗺𝗶𝘇𝗲𝘀 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗿𝗲𝗹𝗶𝗮𝗯𝗶𝗹𝗶𝘁𝘆 of the data collected and analyzed.
2. Yields 𝗺𝗮𝘅𝗶𝗺𝗮𝗹 𝗶𝗻𝗳𝗼𝗿𝗺𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 and 𝗽𝗿𝗼𝘃𝗶𝗱𝗲𝘀 𝗮𝗻 𝗼𝗽𝗽𝗼𝗿𝘁𝘂𝗻𝗶𝘁𝘆 𝗳𝗼𝗿 𝗰𝗼𝗻𝘀𝗶𝗱𝗲𝗿𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗺𝗮𝗻𝘆 𝗱𝗶𝗳𝗳𝗲𝗿𝗲𝗻𝘁 𝗮𝘀𝗽𝗲𝗰𝘁𝘀 𝗼𝗳 𝗮 𝗽𝗿𝗼𝗯𝗹𝗲𝗺.

Question 9

Factors to consider for an appropriate research design (5)

Answer 9

1. the means of obtaining information;
2. the availability and skills of the researcher and his staff, if any;
3. the nature of the problem to be studied;
4. the objective of the problem to be studied; and
5. the availability of time and money for the
   research work

Question 10

3 types of research designs

Answer 10

1. Historical Research Design;
2. Descriptive Research Design; and
3. Experimental Research Design;

Question 11

Involves the scientific critical inquiry of the whole truth of past events using various methods in the understanding and interpretation of facts which are applicable to current issues and problems. It is based upon the reports of observations which cannot be repeated, although similar events may occur

Answer 11

Historical Research Design

Question 12

There are 3 steps of historical research (Good and Scates, 1972)

Answer 12

-Collection of data
-Criticism of the data collected
-Presentation of the facts in readable form

Question 13

All are primary sources EXCEPT: Equipment, documents, pictures, encyclopedia

Answer 13

Encyclopedia

Question 14

defined as a purposive process of gathering, analyzing, classifying, and tabulating data about prevailing conditions, practices, beliefs, processes, trends, and cause-effect relationships and then making adequate and accurate interpretation about such data with or without the aid of statistical methods

Answer 14

Descriptive Research Design

Question 15

Common techniques employed in descriptive research design (3)

Answer 15

𝗦𝘂𝗿𝘃𝗲𝘆 𝗺𝗲𝘁𝗵𝗼𝗱 - fact-finding study with
adequate and accurate interpretation. It is
used to 𝒄𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕 𝒅𝒆𝒎𝒐𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒑𝒉𝒊𝒄 𝒅𝒂𝒕𝒂 about
people’s behavior, practices, intentions,
beliefs, attitudes, opinions, judgments,
interests, perceptions, and the like.
𝗖𝗮𝘀𝗲 𝗦𝘁𝘂𝗱𝘆 - a comprehensive,
complete, detailed, and 𝒊𝒏-𝒅𝒆𝒑𝒕𝒉 𝒔𝒕𝒖𝒅𝒚 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒂𝒏𝒂𝒍𝒚𝒔𝒊𝒔 of an individual, institution,
group, or community.
𝗖𝗼𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗻𝘁 𝗔𝗻𝗮𝗹𝘆𝘀𝗶𝘀 - a research tool used
to determine the 𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒄𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒂𝒊𝒏 𝒘𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒔, 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒔, 𝒐𝒓 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒄𝒆𝒑𝒕𝒔 within some
given qualitative data (i.e., text).

Question 16

Characteristics of descriptive research design include, but not limited to the following (7)

Answer 16

a. 𝗔𝘀𝗰𝗲𝗿𝘁𝗮𝗶𝗻𝘀 𝗽𝗿𝗲𝘃𝗮𝗶𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗰𝗼𝗻𝗱𝗶𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝘀 of facts in a
group or case under study.
b. It gives either a 𝗾𝘂𝗮𝗹𝗶𝘁𝗮𝘁𝗶𝘃𝗲 𝗼𝗿 𝗾𝘂𝗮𝗻𝘁𝗶𝘁𝗮𝘁𝗶𝘃𝗲, or both, description for the general characteristics of the group or case under study.
c. 𝗜𝗱𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗶𝗳𝗶𝗲𝘀 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗰𝗮𝘂𝘀𝗲/s of prevailing conditions.
d. 𝗖𝗼𝗺𝗽𝗮𝗿𝗶𝘀𝗼𝗻𝘀 of the characteristics 𝗼𝗳 𝘁𝘄𝗼 𝗴𝗿𝗼𝘂𝗽𝘀 𝗼𝗿 𝗰𝗮𝘀𝗲𝘀 may be made to determine their 𝘀𝗶𝗺𝗶𝗹𝗮𝗿𝗶𝘁𝗶𝗲𝘀 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗱𝗶𝗳𝗳𝗲𝗿𝗲𝗻𝗰𝗲𝘀.
e. The variables or conditions studied in
descriptive research are 𝗻𝗼𝘁 𝘂𝘀𝘂𝗮𝗹𝗹𝘆 𝗰𝗼𝗻𝘁𝗿𝗼𝗹𝗹𝗲𝗱.
f. Descriptive studies, except in case studies, are generally 𝗰𝗿𝗼𝘀𝘀-𝘀𝗲𝗰𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝗮𝗹, that is, it studies the different sections belonging to the same group.
g. Studies on prevailing conditions may or can be 𝗿𝗲𝗽𝗲𝗮𝘁𝗲𝗱 for purpose of verification and
comparison

Question 17

The researcher manipulates and controls one or more independent variables for variation related to the manipulation of the dependent variable (a problem-solving approach)

Answer 17

Experimental Research Design

Question 18

Target Population vs Accessible Population

Answer 18

Population: all members of a specified group
- Target population – the population to which the researcher ideally wants to generalize
- Accessible population – the population to which the researcher has access

Question 19

1. a subset of a population
2. a specific individual participating in a study

Answer 19

Sample; Subject

Question 20

The specific method used to select a sample from a population

Answer 20

Sampling Technique

Question 21

Sampling is applicable if the population of the study is too large, especially if the 7Ms are limited. (What are the 7Ms)

Answer 21

manpower, money, materials, machinery, methods, moment, and marketing of the researcher

Question 22

Gay (1978) as cited by Sevilla et al. (1978) offers some minimum acceptable sizes as follows:
Descriptive Research: small population? large population?
Experimental Research: minimum subjects per group?

Answer 22

Descriptive Research: 20% for a smaller
population as small as 500 and below and 10% of the population for a larger population as large as 1,000.
Experimental Research: 30 per group as minimum, although 15 subjects are acceptable

Question 23

Sampling Technique used by researcher when he knows nothing about the target population

Answer 23

Slovin’s Formula

Question 24

allows a researcher to calculate an ideal sample size given a desired level of precision, desired confidence level, and the estimated proportion of the attribute present in the population (usually for large populations)

Answer 24

Cochran’s Formula

Question 25

Review Lynch et al. Formula

Answer 25

-

Question 26

Review Cochran’s Formula modification for smaller populations

Answer 26

-

Question 27

Three Fundamental steps in choosing a sampling design

Answer 27

• Identify a population
• Define the sample size
• Select the sample

Question 28

Four Random Sampling Techniques

Answer 28

o Random
o Stratified random
o Cluster
o Systematic

Question 29

Selecting subjects so that all members of a
population have an equal and independent chance of being selected

Answer 29

Random Sampling

Question 30

Advantages and Disadvantages of Random Sampling

Answer 30

• Advantages - High probability of achieving a
  representative sample and Meets assumptions of many statistical procedures
• Disadvantages - Identification of all members of the population can be difficult and Contacting all members of the sample can be difficult

Question 31

Selecting subjects so that relevant subgroups in the population (i.e., strata) are guaranteed
representation

Answer 31

Stratified Random Sampling

Question 32

Advantages and Disadvantages of Stratified Random Sampling

Answer 32

• Advantage – representation of subgroups in the sample
• Disadvantages - Identification of all members of the population can be difficult; Identifying
  members of all subgroups can be difficult

Question 33

a type of sampling method in which we split a
population into clusters, then randomly select
some of the clusters and include all members
from those clusters in the sample.

Answer 33

Cluster Sampling

Question 34

Advantages and Disadvantages of Cluster Sampling

Answer 34

• Advantages - Very useful when populations are large and spread over a large geographic region; Convenient and expedient
• Disadvantages - Representation is likely to
  become an issue; Assumptions of some statistical procedures can be violated

Question 35

Selecting every Kth subject from a list of the
members of the population

Answer 35

Systematic Sampling

Question 36

Selection based on the availability of subjects; Concerns related to representation and generalizability

Answer 36

Convenience Sampling

Question 37

Selection based on the researcher’s experience and knowledge of the group being sampled

Answer 37

Purposive Sampling