Les 2 - RESEARCH PROBLEMS AND REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Flashcards
what is a research problem?
- John Dewey: “a problem represents the information’s acquired by a researcher and seeks solution for it”
- Gibson: “a problem is really a sprint board for leap in to the unknown”
- Kerlinger: a problem is an interrogative sentence or statement that asks what relation exist between two or more variables. The answer to questions will provide what is having sought in the research
- K. Person: “A problem is that situation if we modified will bring solution in the difficulty”.
- R.S Woodworth: “a situation for which we have no ready and successful response by instinct or by previous acquired habit. We must find out what to do i.e., the solution can be found out only after an investigation”
Factors to consider to determine whether a problem is researchable or not
- The problem is existing in the locality or country but no known solution to the problem;
- The solution can be answered by using statistical methods and techniques;
- There are probable solutions but they are not yet tested;
- The occurrence of phenomena requires scientific investigation to arrive at precise solution; and
- Serious needs/problems of the people where it demands research
Research was born out of a man’s problems and man’s major problem demands_________
Good and Scates. 1972
research
In doing or making a research problem it must be….
- Specialization of the Researcher
- Current and past researches
- Recommendations from theses, dissertations, research journals
- Original and creative ideas of the researcher based on the problems met in the locality and country
Criteria of a Good Research Problem
- Interesting - attracts the attention of the researcher and other people to conduct the research project even without incentive or research grant at all
- **Innovative **– novel, original and unique
- Cost-effective- should be economical and effective in solving the needs and problems of the society
- Relevant to the needs and problems of the people - it should be timely and address the current and projected needs of the people
- Relevant to government’s/ organization’s thrust - the research problem must be aligned with the thrusts/visions of the organization/ government agency/office
- Measurable and time-bound - measurable using research instruments, apparatus or equipment, as well as statistical tools to arrive at scientific and meaningful results; can be completed within the specified timeframe
Characteristics of a Research Problem (how to write the specific problems of a general research problem)
Specific – the problem should be specifically stated
Measurable – easy to measure using research instruments, apparatus, or equipment
Achievable– the data are achievable using correct statistical tools to arrive at precise results
Realistic – real results are attained because they are gathered scientifically and not manipulated or maneuvered
Time-bound – time frame is required in every activity because the shorter the completion of the activity the better
research objectives
- “A statement of purpose for which the investigation is to be conducted” (Ardales, 1992)
- The research objectives have the same characteristics (S-M-A-R-T) with the research problem.
- It is presented in a declarative form.
hypothesis
- A wise guess/inference that is formulated and temporarily adopted to explain the observed facts covered by the study
- The researcher is in much better position if there are hypotheses to guide him on the kind of data to collect (Leedy, 1981).
types of hypothesis
Null hypothesis (H_0)- is a denial of an existence of a trait, characteristic, quality, value, correlation, or difference of the result.
Alternative hypothesis (H_1) – stated in a positive form and is an affirmation of the existence of observed phenomena
REVIER OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
- A researcher needs to review manuscripts, readings, and studies related to his/her present study to determine the similarities/differences of findings and gaps between past and recent studies.
- A review of related legal bases, literature, and studies provide the researcher a background regarding the aspects which have been studied and not yet studied.
- Related literature are any materials published in book, magazines, newspapers, textbooks, encyclopedias, manuals, and journals.
- Related studies are any previous researches conducted such thesis, dissertations, and technical reports
________ are laws and department directives such as circulars, orders, memoranda and others which are related to the present study. E.g. RA 7942 and DAO 2010-21 serves as legal basis for research studies related to surface/open-pit mining and quarrying.
- Related legal bases
A conceptual framework represents the researcher’s synthesis of the literature on _____. It maps out the actions required in the course of the study, given his previous knowledge of other researchers’ point of view and his observations on the subject of research.
how to explain a phenomenon
The conceptual framework lies within a much broader framework called a ____. The latter draws support from time-tested theories that embody many researchers’ findings on why and how a particular phenomenon occurs.
theoretical framework
STEPS ON HOW TO MAKE THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
- Choose your topic – decide on what will be your research topic. The topic should be within your field of specialization
- Do a literature review - Review relevant and updated research on the theme that you decide to work on after scrutiny of the issue at hand. Preferably use peer-reviewed, and well-known scientific journals as these are reliable sources of information.
- Isolate the important variables - Identify the specific variables described in the literature and figure out how these are related.
- Generate the conceptual framework- Build your conceptual framework using the variables that you have identified. Your problem statement serves as a reference for constructing it. In effect, your study will attempt to answer the question that other researchers have not explained yet. Your research should address a knowledge gap.
what kind of referencing?
In-text or Journal Article reference list
o Include author or authors and year of publication.
o Use round brackets.
o Example: (Dela Cruz, 2018) ; (Dela Cruz & Rizal, 2019)
o If you quote directly from an author, the page or paragraph number of the quote should be included.
o E.g., (Dela Cruz & Rizal, 2018, pp. 98-100)
