Lectures: Test 1 Flashcards
What are the who, what, when, and how of politics?
Who: elected officials, lobbyists, the public, media.
What: laws and public policy.
When and how: the political process.
What is the government?
The body charged with making policy (and law).
What makes the government different from any other group?
- Rules extend to all of society.
2. Can legitimately use force.
What is the purpose of government?
- Justice and tranquility: (social contract / golden rule).
- Provide for common defense.
- Promote general welfare: public things that everyone uses.
- Secure blessings of liberty: idea that justice is not discriminatory.
What is the social contract?
Basically the golden rule; it is an informal agreement that everyone is born into containing the essence of elementary morality.
Why do people obey laws?
- To avoid fines/prison; these types of sanctions are basically “annoyances” put into place by gov’t to incentivize people to obey laws.
- Legitimacy: governments are usually established through a mandate that they are legitimate arbiters of justice, the social contract, general welfare, and common defense. When this breaks down, civil war and revolution typically occur.
- Democracy: laws are democratically decided, which means that the public generally gets a say. Thus, if the public doesn’t like laws, they can affect change rather than just disobey them.
- Out of patriotism: people feel allegiant to their country and obey out of that emotional connection.
What are the requirements of a democracy?
- Recognition of dignity – natural rights, classical liberalism; right to life, liberty, property, etc.
- Equality before the law.
- Participation of the public.
- Majority rules.
What is classical liberalism?
Basically says you have rights on the basis of being born, of being a human.
What did John Locke say that is relevant to classical liberalism and democracy?
Said the natural rights were to life, liberty, and property. This was adopted in the US constitution but changed to “life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.”
What is the paradox of democracy? What is the basic solution to the paradox of democracy?
- Basically the question of majority rules: what if the majority makes the wrong choice?
- Limited government: generally good idea for every gov’t to have a document that limits what the gov’t can do in order to prevent the majority to rule awfully.
What are the two kinds of democracy?
- Direct democracy: everyone votes on everything – generally unviable for things like the US; typically only works on a small scale.
- Representative democracy: occasional elections to vote for representatives.
Explain elite theory (elitists) and its relation to representative democracy.
Elitists say a wealthy elite should have / has more influence in representative democracies, because they have the wealth and resources (and also time) to influence representatives, whereas the public generally lacks sufficient money and time to influence representatives.
What is the pluralist solution to elitism? What is the main dilemma with this solution?
- No one group should have lasting control of the political process / government.
- There must be two (or more) sides; also generally it fails to stop the fact that the poor don’t have time or money to influence representatives (either by lobbying or just expressing their POV), whereas the rich do.
What does it mean to say Texas has a citizen legislature?
Legislators have jobs external to government.
What is political culture?
Rooted values and beliefs about government; American political culture emphasizes support of liberty, freedom, private property, equality of opportunity, and individualism.
Explain the facets of American [political] culture.
- Destiny: individual liberty / self determination.
- Equality: political and legal equality, but not equality of outcome.
- Social mobility: ability of people or groups to move up and down the social latter generationally and throughout their lives.
- Separation of church and state.
- Melting pot: one controversy is that it’s really a “salad” where people have set up miniature cultures/societies, rather than a fully integrated “melting pot”, where all the cultures are mixed together and share a common American identity.
Ideology is different from party because _____
It is personal; differences in ideology occur on the individual level, whereas party and political culture correspond to overall trends.
Ideology is defined as _____
set of beliefs about order of society; how each individual person thinks government should work.
Explain conservatives and their place in Texas.
- Conservatives are skeptical of state/gov’t involvement in economy: they do not like high taxes, regulations; say inequality is an inevitable outcome of free-market capitalism. They support low taxes, low (gov’t) debt, high military spending, and the free hand of the market. They are big gov’t in social issues: they want to regulate morality. No abortion, no gay marriage, no gambling, no porn.
- Conservatives are the majority in Texas.
Explain liberals and their place in Texas.
- Believe state can/should be used to promote welfare: use gov’t to promote economic welfare to guard against discrimination, protect workers, and defend against the excesses of capitalism. They are small gov’t in social issues: gay marriage is okay, abortions are okay, don’t incarcerate for victimless crimes (like drug use), and drug use is okay. They are big gov’t in economics: personal responsibility is not a key determinant in economic outcome; institutional factors are, so gov’t should intervene. More regulations, clean environment, less military: US should keep from policing the world.
- Liberals are a minority in Texas.
The “blueberries” of Texas refer to _____
Liberal spots around Texas; mainly the big cities.
The percentage of the population that is neither Republican nor Democrat in Texas is _____ compared to the rest of the country
very small
Explain the other political configurations aside from liberals and conservatives.
- Fascists: gov’t in charge of everything; everything – all profits and work – done for the good of the nation and its glory.
- Marxists: everything done for the people, class warfare is necessary, and wages must be based on cost of living / equality of outcome.
- Communism: seeks a form of marxism through violent overthrow of the bourgeoisie
- Socialism: seeks a form of marxism through political action rather than (explicit) violence.
Explain the “horseshoe configuration.”
Idea that the political spectrum, rather than being a straight line from communism to socialism to liberalism to conservatism to fascism, is instead a horseshoe so that the extremes bend around to each other.
Political socialization is the process by which _____
ideology is determined.
Political socialization begins in _____
early grade school, when kids get ideas about race, gender, get familiar with nationalism, and are told fanciful stories about America and its history.
Explain the relationship between education and political socialization.
Generally, more education leads to more liberal attitudes, and less education corresponds to more conservative views of the world. Less educated people tend to view politics as a game for elites, whereas educated people tend to be more involved in politics.
Explain the life cycle effect. Explain the generational effect.
- Older you get -> generally more involved/interested in politics you are.
- People who grew up in the the 50s and 60s were more preoccupied with the civil rights movement, whereas today’s generation is more concerned with “making room for everyone.” Each generation has certain slants.
_____ has the greatest impact on people and is normally where individuals get their party affiliation.
Family
What is the relation between race and political affiliation?
Minorities are more likely to be liberal and are also more likely to express pessimism.
What is the relation between gender and political affiliation?
Women are more likely Democrat. However, this is on party lines mostly, rather than specifically on gender issues. Women are also generally less politically active than men. Women tend to support activist gov’t, oppose military, support gun control, support welfare, and support affirmative action.
What is the relation between religion and political affiliation?
Americans are more religious than most countries. Religious people (like mormons and evangelicals) heavily favor GOP; tend to be conservative. Frequency of church attendance correlates with support of the GOP.
What is the relationship between students, voluntarism, and political activism?
Students tend to like voluntarism, but aren’t very political, whereas people more into politics tend not to volunteer as much.
What is the relationship between age and politics?
Older people are more conservative and vote more often. Young people are more liberal.
What is the relationship between media consumption and politics?
Newspaper consumption by one individual correlates with how informed that person is. Conservatives generally watch Fox News; liberals favor PBS and CNN.
What is the relationship between geography and American politics?
Southerners are more likely to support the military and are more nationalist. They, along with midwesterners, express greater pride in being American.
Explain the political culture of Texas.
- Generally conservative
- Believe in self-reliance (rugged individualism).
- Big business is good because it creates jobs.
- “Southern charm,” Texans tend to be more friendly.
What are the three political subcultures of Texas?
Moralistic, individualistic, and traditionalistic.
Explain moralistic political culture.
- Gov’t is a positive thing. Police, public schools, etc. = good.
- Voluntary service: ppl. in gov’t shouldn’t get rich off of “political careers.”
- Progressive
- These are the blueberries.
Explain individualistic political culture.
- Rugged individualism: “I’m going to get successful with zero outside help.”
- Ranchers, farmers; roots in the “wild west” / early settlement by white ppl and cowboys. - Big business = good; promotes business.
- Limit gov’t involvement
- Like career politicians.
Explain traditionalistic political culture
- Gov’t must maintain traditional values; sort of the opposite of moralistic; pro-caste, segregation.
- Supports castes.
- Benefits upper class: very hierarchical (pro-slavery back in the day), closer to the Deep South.
What is provincialism?
- Goes back to individualism
1. Texas’s political culture is rooted in provincialism: a narrow view associated with rural values and limited gov’t.
2. Results often in self-interested view of the world and an intolerance of diversity.
What is the key feature of Texas’s geography that plays into its politics?
Texas is massive.
What are the main regions of Texas?
- Interior lowlands.
- Gulf-coastal plains.
- Great plains.
- Basin and Range province.
Explain Texas’s Interior Lowlands.
- Agricultural economy and rural population.
- Many of the states’ largest ranches.
- Conservative political values and lots of small towns; associated with rural regions.
Explain Texas’s Gulf-Coastal Plains.
- Where all the timber production takes place.
- Home of Texas’s most famous oilfields (like Spindletop)
- Foundation of plantation life / antebellum.
- From slavery times. - Urban areas = Dem; rural = Rep.
Explain Texas’s Great Plains.
- Midland is here.
- Economy centers on agriculture, ranching, and production of cotton and oil.
- More conservative.
Explain Texas’s Basin and Range Province.
- Mountains, not much rain, few ppl.
2. Large Latino population; Democratic bastion.
Explain the urbanization of Texas.
Much of Texas’s history is linked to ongoing urbanization: ppl. are getting out of farms and into urban and suburban areas.
- Now, 85% of Texans are in urban areas.
- Urbanization + suburbanization are the forces driving politics in Texas.
Describe Houston.
- Generally tied to economy [of what???]
- 2nd or 3rd busiest deep-water port in the US.
- Oil transformed Houston area and made it one of leading energy centers in the world.
Describe Dallas-Fort Worth.
- Lots of resources meet money [originally a meeting point for peeps trading materials for money]
1. The metroplex: Dallas, F.W., and a number of areas.
2. Oil: 1930s, led to Dallas being a major financier of petroleum.
3. Dallas embodies the more corporate culture from the East.
4. Huge aviation industry in F.W.
5. Lots of big banks.
Describe San Antonio.
- Increasingly Latino due to immigration.
- Lacks high-paying manufacturing jobs, and therefore have lower avg. income than Houston and Dallas.
- Economy rests on national military bases, education institutions, tourism, and a large medical research complex.
Explain the economy of Texas and its relation to Joseph Schumpter.
- Generally indifferent to the state of the US economy.
- Waves of transformation are fueled by tech. innovations in production and distribution.
- Capitalism / creative destruction creates new economies and destroys old ones.
- Schumpter’s idea of creative destruction explains the historical development of Texas’s economy.
Explain cotton in the economy of Texas.
- One of the oldest crops grown in Texas.
- Production cycles have gone up and down like boom/bust.
- In 1930, 61% of farmers in Texas were tenant farmers; one third of those were sharecroppers. Basically huge plots of land owned by one family with ppl. working them (huge estates were from slavery times; broken up slowly after slavery).
- By ‘87, 12% of farmers were tenants.
- 1/4 of cotton production in the US comes from Texas.
Explain cattle in the economy of Texas.
- History of ranching and cattle parallels that of cotton in many ways, with the boom/bust kind of cycle.
- Industry took off during Civil War and it expanded throughout the state.
- Neither cotton nor ranching are as important now asa they used to be.
Explain oil and gas in the economy of Texas.
- Oil took off in 1901 with the discovery of Spindletop.
- Oil fever persisted for next decade in Texas.
- Rise and decline of oil can be traced with oil and gas production levels over time.
- Any major discovery can collapse oil and gas prices, reinvigorating the market, which led to a “boom and bust mentality” among Texans that still persists.
- Oil+gas transformed Texas gov’t and economy.
- Power of gov’t was expanded through Railroad Commission: this controls private oil.
- Oil and gas taxes generally benefit higher education.
- Environment and water supply concerns resulted from expansion of oil recently in Texas (with fracking / horizontal drilling).
Explain the relationship between high-tech industries and the Texas economy.
- Oil prices collapsed in 1982; Texas tried to keep going, diversify the economy.
- Texas emerged as a leader in high-tech industries in 1980s.
- Around 331,000 jobs in Texas were supported by tech exports in 2012.
What are the 3 [main] factors contributing to the growth of population in Texas?
- Natural increase (births > deaths)
- International immigration.
- Domestic immigration.