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Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy > Lectures for Test 1 > Flashcards

Lectures for Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

sagittal

A

any line that divides body into right and left

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2
Q

transverse

A

any line that divides body into front and back parts

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3
Q

frontal

A

any line that divides body into top and bottom parts

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4
Q

vertebrates belong to this clade

A

chordata

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5
Q

largest clade of chordata

A

craniata

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6
Q

how are groups defined and characterized?

A

groups defined based on ancestry, traits used to characterize group

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7
Q

chordates + hemichordates =

A

pharyngotremata

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8
Q

informal name referring to early and non complex craniates

A

protochordates

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9
Q

5 characters important in vertebrate evolutionary history

A

pharyngeal slits, notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, endotyle, post-anal tail

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10
Q

urochordata means

A

chordates with tails

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11
Q

example of urochordate

A

tunicate

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12
Q

what chordate characters does the tunicate have?

A

pharyngeal slits, endostyle, postanal tail with notochord and nerve chord in larval stage

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13
Q

cephalochordata means

A

chordates with heads

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14
Q

example of cephalochordate

A

amphioxus or branchiostoma or lancelet

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15
Q

habitat of amphioxus

A

in sand, half buried with head poking out

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16
Q

chordate characters present in amphioxus

A

notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, post-anal tail, pharyngeal slits

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17
Q

amphioxus feeding method is called

A

filter or suspension feeding

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18
Q

difference between amphioxus pharyngeal slits and more derived versions

A

amphioxus slits are for getting rid of water ingested during feeding not gas exchanged

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19
Q

informal group characterized by lack of jaws

A

agnathans

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20
Q

groups/species considered agnathans

A

myxinoidea, petromyzontoidea/hagfish, lamprey

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21
Q

characteristics of agnathans

A

lack jaws and paired appendages, now represented only by cyclostomes

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22
Q

earlier, diverse group of agnathans (now extinct)

A

ostracoderms

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23
Q

types of ostracoderms

A

osteostracans, anapsids, heterostracans

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24
Q

characteristics of cyclostomes

A

parasitic, no bone, long thin bodies, single median nostril, rasping tongue

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25
Q

lamprey method of feeding

A

oral cup clings to prey, ingests and filters food from body fluids

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26
Q

hagfish method of feeding

A

scavenges dead flesh, not a filter feeder

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27
Q

gnathostomes

A

all vertebrates beyond agnathans, possess jaws, natural group

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28
Q

most basal gnathostomes

A

placoderms

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29
Q

characteristics of placoderms

A

external jaws from bony armour that are similar but not the same as later jawed animals, paired fins, extinct

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30
Q

eugnathostomata

A

natural group, have true jaws

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31
Q

two groups in eugnathostomata

A

chondricthyes, teleostomi

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32
Q

characteristics of chondricthyes

A

basal eugnathostomes, cartilaginous fishes, well developed paired fins, two nostrils, usually claspers

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33
Q

3 stages of becoming a vertebrate

A

prevertebrate, agnathan, gnathostome

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34
Q

characteristics of pre vertebrate stage

A

suspension feeder, small, poor swimmer, colliery action to produce water movement

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35
Q

characteristics of agnathan stage

A

muscular bands + cartilaginous bars in pharynx, muscular pump to move water, filter feeder on larger particles, poor swimmer

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36
Q

characteristics of gnathostome stage

A

efficient movement of water with muscular pump, larger prey, modify pharyngeal slits for gas exchange

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37
Q

two main clades of chondricthyes

A

elasmobranchii, holocephalia

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38
Q

characteristics of elasmobranchs

A

typical sharks and rays, movable upper jaw, gills open directly to outside, rapid tooth replacement

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39
Q

characteristics of holocephalians

A

slow tooth replacement, operculum covering pharyngeal slits, upper jaw fused to brain case, bottom dwelling mollusc eaters

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40
Q

teleostomi

A

acanthodi and osteichtyes

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41
Q

characteristics of acanthodii

A

spiny sharks (but not true sharks), heterocercal tail, more than 2 pairs of “odd” paired fins (supported by spine), extinct

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42
Q

natural groups in osteichtyes

A

actinopterygii, sarcopterygii

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43
Q

characteristics of actinopterygii

A

99% of all living fish, very diverse, ray finned with poor muscle development in fins, primitively one dorsal fin, ganoid scales, no internal nostrils

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44
Q

characteristics of sarcopterygii

A

only a few are still alive, ancestors of land vertebrates (tetrapods), fleshy finned with well developed skeletal support, strong fin muscles, cosmic scales, 2 dorsal fins, (some) nasal opening extends to oral cavity

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45
Q

examples of sarcopterygii

A

lungfishes, coelacanths

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46
Q

3 types of actinopterygians

A

chondrostei, holostei (not natural group), teleostei

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47
Q

characteristics of chondrostei

A

early actinopterygians, e.g. sturgeon

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48
Q

characteristics of holosteans

A

few still living, intermediate forms, freshwater, fast swimming, e.g. gar pikes

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49
Q

morphological trends discussed in chondrostei, holostei, teleostei

A

body shape and fin form/function, jaws, tail structure

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50
Q

trends from chondrostei to teleostei

A

elongated fusiform body, long jaws with immobile margin, heterocercal tail&raquo_space;» short deep body, shortened jaws with mobile margin, homocercal tail

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51
Q

limbed vertebrates

A

stegocephalians

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52
Q

early tetrapod examples

A

elpistostegid fish, stegocephalians

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53
Q

recently discovered elpistostegid closely related to stegocephalians

A

tiktaalik

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54
Q

examples of basal stegocephalians

A

ichthyostega, acanthostega

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55
Q

characteristics of basal stegocephalians

A

fully formed limbs, skull, and vertebrae that could support weight on land but not well, retained full set of gills

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56
Q

clades of tetrapoda

A

amphibia, amniota

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57
Q

characteristics of amphibians

A

intermediate between bony fish and derived tetrapods, distinct mode of reproduction, lay eggs in water and have aquatic larval stage

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58
Q

characteristics of amniotes

A

extra-embryonic membranes surround and protect embryo, has longer development, gas exchange

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59
Q

living amphibians

A

lissamphibia

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60
Q

characteristics of lissamphibia

A

not primitive tetrapods, gas exchange by cutaneous respiration, pedicellate teeth, can have ancient or specialized locomotion

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61
Q

3 groups of lissamphibia

A

caudata, anura, gymnophiona

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62
Q

example of caudata

A

salamanders

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63
Q

example of anura

A

frogs

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64
Q

2 major lineages of amniotes

A

reptilia, synapsida

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65
Q

4 major skull types in amniotes

A

anapsid, euryapsid, diapsid, synapsid

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66
Q

characteristics of anapsid skull

A

no temporal fenestra

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67
Q

characteristics of diapsid skull

A

two temporal fenestra

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68
Q

characteristics of euryapsid skull

A

one dorsally positioned fenestra

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69
Q

characteristics of synapsid skull

A

one ventrally positioned fenestra

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70
Q

2 main subdivisions of reptilia

A

parareptilia, diapsida

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71
Q

characteristics/examples of parareptilia

A

anapsid skulls, eg turtles

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72
Q

characteristics/examples of diapsida

A

diapsid skulls and extinct euryapsid skulls, very large and diverse group

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73
Q

2 main groups of diapsida

A

arcosauromorpha, lepidosauromorpha

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74
Q

examples of arcosauromorpha

A

crocodiles, pterosaurs, dinosaurs, birds

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75
Q

examples of euryapsid lepidosauromorpha

A

ichtyosaurs, plesiosaurs

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76
Q

examples of diapsid lepidosauromorpha

A

rhyncocephalians, lizards, snakes (lizards non natural group, lizards and snakes in same natural group

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77
Q

2 broad groups of synapsids

A

“pelycosaurs”, therapsida

78
Q

characteristics of mammals

A

mammary glands, hair, muscular diaphragm

79
Q

useful skeletal elements that help identify specimens as mammals

A

each mandible formed by 2 dentary bones, 3 middle ear ossicles, jaw joint at squamosal-dentary, complex teeth, non-sprawling posture

80
Q

reptile-like jaw condition

A

quadrate-articular

81
Q

bone that became incus

A

quadrate

82
Q

bone that became malleus

A

articular

83
Q

bone that became mammalian ectotympanic membrane

A

angular

84
Q

2 groups of living mammals

A

monotremata, theria

85
Q

2 groups of theria

A

marsupiala, eutheria (placentals)

86
Q

species of monotremata and characteristics

A

platypus, echidnas - have hair, suckle young, endothermic BUT retain cloaca, lack nipples, lay eggs w leathery shells

87
Q

characteristics of marsupiala

A

mainly found in SA and australia, pouched mammals, have placenta, most have yolk sac placenta

88
Q

characteristics of eutheria

A

all have chorioallantoic placenta

89
Q

microlecithal

A

egg with little yolk

90
Q

mesolecithal

A

egg with moderate amount of yolk

91
Q

macrolecithal

A

egg with a lot of yolk

92
Q

fertilization&raquo_space;> blastula process in microlecithal egg

A

protoplasm in animal pole divides twice vertically then horizontally until 1-cell width blastula forms

93
Q

fertilization&raquo_space;> blastula process in mesolecithal egg

A

smaller animal pole, cellular divisions less equal, forming several cell width blastula with blastocoele displaced toward animal pole

94
Q

fertilization&raquo_space;> blastula process in macrolecithal egg

A

only small cap of protoplasm divides, blastula forms as a plate of cells at animal pole which is separated from yolk by blastocoele

95
Q

fertilization&raquo_space;> blastula process in mammals

A

IN UTERUS - continued division produces blastula with outer trophoblast, structure that will be part of placenta

96
Q

structure of trophoblast

A

looks like microlecithal blastula but has its own animal pole, the inner cell mass that continues to divide

97
Q

mammalian embryology post-blastula

A

gastrulization leading to structural arrangement of 3 basic germ layers

98
Q

3 basic germ layers

A

ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

99
Q

gasrulization of amphioxus

A

blastula vegetal pole folds inward into blastocoele, animal pole cells form ectoderm and vegetal pole cells form endoderm

100
Q

dorsal middle of ectoderm

A

neurectoderm

101
Q

2 kinds of mesoderm

A

chordamesoderm at dorsal midline, lateral mesoderm on either side

102
Q

gastrulation results in

A

elongated gastrula with gastrocoele that opens into the blastopore

103
Q

ultimately, ectoderm differentiates into

A

skin and nervous system

104
Q

ultimately, mesoderm differentiates into

A

somatic skeleton, muscle, circulatory system

105
Q

ultimately, endoderm differentiates into

A

digestive tract and visceral derivatives (muscles and skeleton)

106
Q

step 1 after gastrula

A

ectoderm differentiates to also form neurectoderm, mesoderm differentiates into chordamesoderm dorsally and lateral mesoderm that expands laterodistally, endoderm expands dorsomedially

107
Q

step 2 after gastrula

A

neurectoderm invaginate while ectoderm expands to cover it forming neural crest cells and neurogenic placodes, mesoderm continues laterodistal expansion while subdividing to form a column on either side, endoderm completely surrounds gastrocoele

108
Q

step 3 after gastrula

A

ectoderm covers neural tube, lateral mesoderm subdivides dorsoventrally into epimere, mesomere, hypo mere with enlarging column, endoderm relatively smaller

109
Q

step 4 after gastrula

A

neural crest cells begin to migrate, epimere subdivides lateromedially into dermatome, myotome, sclerotome

110
Q

step 5 after gastrula

A

further expansion of all mesoderm subdivisions

111
Q

step 6 after gastrula

A

dermatome loses segmentation and expands deep into ectoderm, myotome expands dorsally between ectoderm and sclerotome and ventrally between ectoderm and hypo mere, sclerotome surrounds notochord and neural tube

112
Q

hypomere divides into and becomes

A

somatic and visceral layers become parietal and visceral serosa, heart and blood vessels, lymph vessels, gonads

113
Q

mesomere becomes

A

kedneys, excretory, and reproductive ducts

114
Q

mesoderm development beyond step 6

A

dermatome becomes dermis of integument, dermal muscles and dermal skeletal structures, myotome gets divided by horizontal septum into epaxial and hypaxial musculature, sclerotome becomes vertebral column

115
Q

endoderm development beyond step 6

A

primitive gut becomes liver, pancreas, lining of lungs, digestive tract, urinary bladder

116
Q

primary body tissues

A

epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous

117
Q

characteristics of epithelial tissue

A

covers exposed surfaces (internal, no exit - serosa and external, exit - mucosa), forms glands, has apical and basal surfaces, avascular, few to no nervous structures

118
Q

2 main layers of integument

A

epidermis and dermis

119
Q

characteristics of epidermis

A

superficial, epithelial, derived from ectoderm, usually thin

120
Q

characteristics of dermis

A

deep, connective, derived from dermatome, usually thicker than epidermis, sensory receptors

121
Q

method used by vertebrates to avoid water loss through integument

A

most superficial layer of epidermis formed by dead hard cells, waterproofed using insoluble proteins like keratins

122
Q

typical arrangement of integument layers and characteristics

A

epidermis, dermis, hypodermis - deep to dermis, loose connective tissue and adipose tissue

123
Q

2 main layers of epidermis

A

stratum corneum - thin layer of dead cells, stratum basal - mostly keratinocytes, living cells; continually divides to replace lost cells

124
Q

characteristics of primitive fish skin

A

epidermis almost all live cells (not keratinized), secrete mucus, in some forms denticles

125
Q

characteristics of derived fish skin

A

scales formed of both epidermis and dermis including enamel, dentin, bone

126
Q

shark skin and scales

A

placoid scales formed from dentin and capped with enamel

127
Q

role of dermis in bony fish

A

forms bony plates of placoderms and ostracoderms, posterior dermal scales in above, forms cosmoid and ganoid scales

128
Q

cosmoid scale

A

primitive sarcopterygians, has dentin covering bone

129
Q

ganoid scale

A

primitive actinopterygians, has enamel covering bone instead of dentin

130
Q

teleost scale

A

derived actinopterygians, divided into cycloid form and ctenoid form

131
Q

characteristics of amphibian skin

A

thin stratum corneum, most cells living for cutaneous respiration, have mucous and poison glands

132
Q

characteristics of reptile skin

A

extensive keratinization into epidermal scales, may be modified into crests, spines or horns, dermal bone mainly present in gastralia, few glands, mainly scent

133
Q

keratinized epidermal derivatives in mammals

A

scales in pangolins, beaver tail, calluses, nails/claws/hooves, hair, horns/antlers, glands

134
Q

structure of true horns

A

keratinized sheath supported by unbranched bony core or spike, not shed (cattle, antelope, goats, sheep)

135
Q

structure of antlers

A

velvety shin, bone only when mature, tends to be branched, shed annually, usually only males

136
Q

structure of rhino horn

A

keratinized epithelium in form of fused hairlike epidermal papillae

137
Q

structure of giraffe horn

A

ossified cartilage core covered by skin

138
Q

types of gland structures

A

alveolar, tubular/coiled, complex/compound

139
Q

two important glands found in birds

A

uropygial - near base of tail, secretes oily substance used in preening
salt gland - on head of some birds, secretes excess salt

140
Q

glands found in mammals

A

eccrine - watery secretion

apocrine - viscous secretion (mammary, scent)

141
Q

monotreme mammary glands

A

complex glands

142
Q

marsupial and eutherian mammary glands

A

teat - complex glands that secrete into a cistern and out the teat through the teat duct
nipple - complex glands that secrete through a concentrated opening

143
Q

mesenchyme

A

mainly from epi- and hypo mere, network of cells between outer tube and developing organs, cells capable of amoeboid movement, functions as embryonic CT, differentiates into muscles, circ system, CT

144
Q

characteristics of bone

A

mineralized matrix, metabolically active, osteocytes in chambers and stellate lacunae in matrix, vascularized, grows by surface expansion

145
Q

characteristics of cartilage

A

more variable than bone, rigid matrix, spherical chondrocytes and isolated lacunae, avascular, not metabolically active, grows by internal and surface expansion

146
Q

3 broad classes of bone

A

dermal skeleton, endoskeleton, heterotopic skeletal elements

147
Q

characteristics of dermal skeleton

A

forms directly in CT in dermis, never preformed in cartilage superficial position, e.g. bony plates/scales in early fish, osteoderms, crocodilians, turtles, armadillo

148
Q

characteristics of endoskeleton

A

endochondral, almost always preformed in cartilage, most bones of the body

149
Q

subdivisions of endoskeleton

A

somatic - formed by somites of epaxial mesoderm, axial and appendicular
visceral - associated or derived from branchial arches formed by neurectoderm

150
Q

characteristics of heterotopic skeletal elements

A

anything not included as dermal or endoskeleton, similar to dermal but usually not preformed in cartilage

151
Q

examples of heterotopic skeletal elements

A

bones that grow in tendon of a muscle - sesamoid bones: patella, os cordis (in septum of cattle heart), baculum (os penis), os clitoridis

152
Q

shaft of bone

A

diaphysis

153
Q

end of bone

A

epiphysis

154
Q

separates diaphysis and epiphysis

A

epiphyseal line

155
Q

hyaline cartilage layer in young between diaphysis and epiphysis

A

epiphyseal plate

156
Q

fibrous CT surrounding element

A

periosteum

157
Q

cavity in diaphysis

A

medullary cavity

158
Q

CT lining cavity and spaces within bone

A

medullary cavity

159
Q

cartilage at joints

A

articular cartilage

160
Q

process of endochondral ossification

A
  1. formation of bone collar around hyaline cartilage
  2. perichondral ossification where collar will meet inner oss. centre
  3. invasion of internal cavities by periosteal bud, spongy bone formation
  4. formation of medullary cavity, appearance of secondary oss centres in epiphyses
  5. ossification of epiphyses, cartilage remains only in plates and at articulars
161
Q

types of vertebrae in fish

A

trunk, caudal

162
Q

types of vertebrae in primitive tetrabods

A

trunk, sacral, caudal

163
Q

types of vertebrae in advanced tetrapods

A

cervical, dorsal sacral caudal

164
Q

types of vertebrae in mammals

A

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, caudal

165
Q

embryological precursor to vertebrae

A

sclerotome of epimere

166
Q

arrangement of vertebrae in amniotes

A

intersegmentally with respect to musculature

167
Q

development of vertebrae

A

groups of sclerotome cells form primary sclerotome, migrate medially toward notochord and rearrange, form secondary sclerotome blocks made of 2 adjacent primary sclerotomes

168
Q

bony fish post cranial skeleton

A

lots of dermal bone in skin, pectoral girdle formed from dermal (anchor girdle to body) and endoskeletal bone (supports fin)

169
Q

tetrapod/mammalian post cranial skeleton

A

endoskeleton expansion, scapula becomes main shoulder element, only clavicle remains of dermal elements and is sometimes reduced to allow more mobile scapula

170
Q

skull is fusion of

A

dermal and endoskeletal (endochondral)

171
Q

3 parts of bony skull

A

brain case - somatic endochondral, some dermal
palatal complex - dermal, some visceral endochondral
skull roof - dermal

172
Q

5 groups of skull roof bones

A

tooth bearing marginal series (rim of roof), midline series (adjacently paired), circumorbital series (surround orbit), temporal series (bw otic notch and midline series), cheek series (behind orbit, below otic notch)

173
Q

palatal complex

A

paired bones, mostly dermal some visceral endochondral

174
Q

bones of palatal complex

A

dermal: vomer, palatine, ectopterygoid, pterygoid

visceral endochondral: palatoquadrate

175
Q

2 ossifications along palatoquadrate in tetrapods

A

quadrate (smaller, posterior), epipterygoid (larger, anterior, art with braincase)

176
Q

in tetrapods, palatal quadrate articulates with

A

lower jaw via quadrate, braincase between epipterygoid and basisphenoid

177
Q

brain case

A

not all paired bones, mostly somatic endochondral but one dermal bone

178
Q

dermal bone of braincase

A

parasphenoid - in skin on roof of oral cavity, ventral brain case, narrow anteriorly wide posteriorly

179
Q

somaric endochondral bones of braincase

A

supraoccipital, basiooccipital, paired exooccipitals (surround foramen magnum), opisthotic, prootic (surround canal of inner ear), basisphenoid, sphenethmoid

180
Q

basisphenoid

A

median, mostly ventral and anterior to otic region, floor of cranial cavity, covered ventrally by parasphenoid, basipterygoid on either side

181
Q

sphenethmoid

A

median ossification in sphenoid and ethmoid regions, trough shaped, contains olfactory nerves

182
Q

5 skull types (evolutionary progression)

A

early tetrapod, amniote, early synapsid, non-mammalian therapsid, mammalian

183
Q

changes from early tetrapod to basal amniote skull

A

otic notch closed, intertemporals lost, posterior displacement and reduction in other temporal bones, post parietals and tabular fused into occipital, supra temporal lost

184
Q

changes from early synapsid to non-mammalian therapsid skull

A

early synapsids developed temporal fenestra, which enlarged to become fossa in non-mammalian therapsid, quadratojugal reduced, squamosal differentiates into zygomatic arch and part of braincase, prefrontals/postfrontals/postorbitals lost

185
Q

changes from non-mammalian therapsid skull to mammalian

A

muscles go from outside skull to inside, brain bigger and completely enclosed in bone, development of a secondary palate to differentiate food and air passages, complex fusions of temporal region

186
Q

role of squamosal in mammalian skull

A

large flat dermal bone on side of brain

187
Q

role of petrosal in mammalian skull

A

braincase, fusion of prootic and opisthotic

188
Q

role of ectotympanic in mammalian skull

A

angular dermal bone, old lower jaw

189
Q

role of entotympanic in mammalian skull

A

new development in mammals from braincase

190
Q

precursor to malleus

A

articular, dermal bone of old lower jaw

191
Q

precursor to incus

A

quadrate, endochondral, palatal complex

192
Q

stapes

A

hyomandibular, visceral endochondral

Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy (18 decks)

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