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Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy > Lectures After Test 1 > Flashcards

Lectures After Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

components of shark skull

A

brain case and palatoquadrate cartilage

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2
Q

shark skull - occipital region

A

posterior; surrounds foramen magnum and includes occipital condyles

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3
Q

shark skull orbital region

A

otic capsules, orbital, sphenoidal

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4
Q

brain case containing nasal capsules

A

ethmoid region

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5
Q

brain case ventral articulation

A

with palatoquadrate

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6
Q

3 parts of basic bony vert skull

A

one element dermal, 2 elements dermal/endochondral combination

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7
Q

skull roof

A

dorsal cover of skull, nearly solid with openings for mouth/eyes/pineal, primitively nitched posteriorly, paired bones

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8
Q

5 groups of skull roof bones

A

tooth bearing marginal, midian, circumorbital, temporal, cheek

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9
Q

bones of tooth bearing marginal series

A

premaxillary, maxillary

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10
Q

bones of median series

A

nasal, frontal, parietal

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11
Q

bones of circumorbital series

A

jugular, lacrimal, prefrontal, postorbital, postfrontal

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12
Q

bones of temporal series

A

tabular, supratemporal, intertemporal

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13
Q

bones of cheek series

A

squamosal, quadratojugal

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14
Q

composition of bones of palatal complex

A

in roof of oral cavity; paired, mostly dermal, some visceral endochondral

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15
Q

early tetrapod dermal palatal bones

A

pterygoid, vomer, palatine, ectopterygoid

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16
Q

early tetrapod visceral endochondral palatal bones

A

palatoquadrate, quadrate, epipterygoid

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17
Q

early tetrapod lower jaw articulation

A

palatal complex with lower jaw via quadrate, basal brain case articulation between basisphenoid and epipterygoid

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18
Q

composition of bones of early tetrapod brain case

A

not all paired, mostly somatic endochondral, one dermal

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19
Q

dermal bone of early tetrapod brain case

A

parasphenoid; forms in skin on roof of oral cavity, ventral brain case

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20
Q

4 bones surrounding foramen magnum

A

supraoccipital, basioccipital, paired occipitals

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21
Q

2 paired bones associated with otic capsules - inner ear

A

opisthotic, prootic

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22
Q

basisphenoid

A

median, ventral, anterior to otic region, covered ventrally by parasphenoid, basal articulation with palatal complex via basipteygoid

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23
Q

sphenethmoid

A

median ossification of sphenoid/ethmoid regions, trough shaped, contains olfactory nerves

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24
Q

progression of skull types

A

early tetrapod, basal reptile, early synapsid, non mammalian therapsid, mammalian

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25
Q

characteristics of somatic muscles

A

derived from myotomes somites, always striated, mostly voluntary, innervated by somatic motor fibres, in appendages

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26
Q

characteristics of visceral muscles

A

derived largely from hypomere, smooth or striated, innervated by visceral motor fibres, in gut

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27
Q

characteristics of fish axial musculature

A

series of myomeres developed into zig zag important for locomotion, derived from myotome

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28
Q

epaxial muscle of fish

A

dorsalis trunci

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29
Q

reptile epaxial musculature

A

(closest to spinal column to farthest) iliocostalis, longissimus dorsi, transversospinalis

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30
Q

tetrapod hypaxial musculature

A

subvertebral, lateral, ventral series, insertion at aponeurosis

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31
Q

tetrapod subvertebral musculature series

A

underneath transverse processes of vertebrae

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32
Q

tetrapod ventral musculature series

A

rectus abdominus

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33
Q

tetrapod lateral musculature series

A

external oblique, internal oblique, transversus abdominus

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34
Q

function of connective tissue

A

produce same contractile strength and protect against breakage and torsion, decreases relative length of contraction

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35
Q

embryologic derivation of cranial muscles

A

somatic axial from epimere, visceral branchiomeric from neural crest

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36
Q

embryologic derivation of extrinsic eye muscles

A

3 preotic somites

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37
Q

resulting eye muscles of 1st myotome and innervation

A

ventral oblique, medial, dorsal, and ventral rectus; innervated by oculomotor nerve

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38
Q

resulting eye muscles of 2nd myotome and innervation

A

dorsal oblique innervated by trochlear nerve

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39
Q

resulting eye muscles of 3rd myotome and innervation

A

posterior rectus innervated by abducens nerve

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40
Q

coracoarcual muscles

A

in fish opens jaw, in tetrapods modified as throat musculature including tongue

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41
Q

branchiomeric musculature

A

striated, visceral, associated with visceral arches and later face/shoulder/jaw, derived from mesenchyme

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42
Q

evolutionary progression of gill/branchial arch musculature

A

levators fuse into cucullaris and attach to pectoral girdle, loss of superficial constrictors and interbranchials after operculum develops, loss of levators; then trapezius replaces cucullaris and all other muscles lost or reduced to muscles of larynx

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43
Q

evolutionary progression of muscles of hyoid arch

A

most muscles lost as hyoid turns into jaw support, most fish retain superficial constrictor and levator, tetrapods modify superficial constrictor into sphincter colli and depressor mandibulae, mammals lose depressor mandibulae while sphincter colli modified into facial muscles and digastric m

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44
Q

evolutionary progression of muscles of mandibular arch

A

levators lost as upper jaw fuses with braincase, intermandibularis name changed to mylohyoid in mammals

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45
Q

changes in mammalian jaw

A

mammals moved dermal skull bones inside musculature so lower jaw shortens, old jaw joints become ossicles, new jaw process

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46
Q

3 main muscles closing mammalian mouth

A

temporalis, masseter, pterygoideus

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47
Q

mammalian depressor mandibulae

A

function replaced by digastric derived from sphincter colli and mylohyoid

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48
Q

development of pharyngeal slits

A

in pocketing of endoderm and ectoderm until they make a passage

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49
Q

pharyngeal slit condition of cyclostomes

A

spherical pouches with small circular openings to external environment either separate for each pouch or joining in a common opening

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50
Q

flap like valve separating lamprey esophagus from respiratory tract

A

velum

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51
Q

lamprey gas exchange condition

A

when not eating lamprey ingests water through mouth like normal fish condition, when eating velum closes so blood doesn’t go near gills

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52
Q

hagfish gas exchange condition

A

eats solid food so no need for isolated respiratory tube, gas exchange continues when attached to prey, nasal opening pumps water past gills

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53
Q

comparison between shark and teleost pharyngeal slits

A

both are vertical but teleosts have operculum so one opening, while sharks have separate openings for each slit all with own musculature

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54
Q

why are teleost pharyngeal slits more efficient at gas exchange than sharks

A

operculum stops need for interbranchial septa which allows for different arrangement of gills allowing as much water as possible to pass over gill lamellae

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55
Q

development of tetrapod lungs

A

analogous to gills, pharynx reduced, entrance to lungs through glottis i.e. ventral floor of pharynx, lungs develop from from pharynx embryologically

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56
Q

characteristics of the teleost swim bladder

A

dorsal, functions in buoyancy not gas exchange, not always connection between pharynx and swim bladder, most likely a specialization of ancestral lungs rather than ancestral to lungs themselves

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57
Q

characteristics of lungs

A

trachea > bronchi > bronchioles > alveoli where gas exchange happens, more derived = more surface area

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58
Q

bird respiratory system

A

lungs + air sacs distributed throughout trunk and some bones, air first enters more posterior air sacs and then moves forward to lungs then anterior sacs and out so that there is constant air distribution - more efficient than amphibians/mammals

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59
Q

characteristics of bird lungs

A

no alveoli, parabronchi instead which are tiny tubes, allows for one way, constant, flow of air wasting less air

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60
Q

cutaneous respiration

A

gas exchange through skin, usually secondary ability so mostly still have lungs

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61
Q

functions of digestive system

A

transport, mechanical digestion, chemical digestion, absorption

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62
Q

divisions of foregut

A

pharynx, esophagus, stomach - distinct internal epithelia, divided by cardioesophageal sphincter

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63
Q

divisions of small intestine

A

duodenum following pyloric sphincter, jejunem, ileum, ends at iliocecal valve

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64
Q

characteristics of large intestine

A

may be divided into ascending, descending, transverse, sigmoid and end in rectum which only exits digestive tract or cloaca which also exits other systems

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65
Q

functions of foregut

A

pipe taking food to where its treated, little chemical digestion, little specialization before derived animals

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66
Q

functions of stomach

A

only develops in jawed vertebrates as a storage area to feed food into intestine at rate at which it absorbs chemicals, size reduced by peristaltic contractions, jaws/stomach allow for large meals and then periods without food, in derived animals also chemical digestion

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67
Q

2 part stomach of birds

A

proventriculus - thin walled and glandular (chemical digestion); gizzard - thick walled and muscular, contains grit (intentionally ingested pebbles) to grind food (bc no teeth)

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68
Q

4 chambered system of ruminant animals

A

esophagus - rumen, reticulum, omasum; stomach - abomasum

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69
Q

why is a complex stomach necessary?

A

plant matter hard to digest but very easily obtained, one or more chambers carry microorganisms that digest plant matter

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70
Q

process of ruminant digestion

A

rumen and reticulum = fermentation chambers for breakdown of cellulose and production of useful material, food regurgitated as cud, further broken down in mouth, then swallowed into omasum and abomasum (mouth > rumen > mouth > reticulum > omasum > abomasum)

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71
Q

functions of hindgut

A

usually most of chemical digestion/absorption, large intestine = storage, water resorption

72
Q

4 methods of increasing intestinal surface area as animals get bigger

A

lengthen (teleosts/tetrapods), spiral valve (primitive jawed fish), cecum (tetrapods), roughen internal surface

73
Q

glandular organs of the gut

A

liver, spleen, pancreas

74
Q

characteristics of liver

A

largest gland, typically divided into lobes, attached to cardiovascular system by hepatic system, develops as ventral outgrowth of anterior intestine (endoderm), connects to gut via bile duct (with gall bladder)

75
Q

functions of liver

A

storage and manufacture of materials used by the body (from intestine), production of RBCs in fetus, disposal of old blood cells, detox of blood, production of bile and bile salts for lipid emulsification

76
Q

characteristics of pancreas

A

develops from one ventral and one dorsal outgrowth of intestine, has one or more ducts leading to duodenum

77
Q

functions of pancreas

A

produces pancreatic juice (alkaline enzymes), exocrine activity, islets of langerhans produce insulin and glucagon for endocrine activity

78
Q

characteristics of spleen

A

not a gland, not part of digestive system but happens to be embryologically derived from endoderm, major embryonic blood producing organ (taken over by bone marrow in mammals), storage and destruction of blood corpuscles

79
Q

development of mouth

A

in pocketing of ectoderm then boundary between endoderm and ectoderm breaks down, becomes opening to oral cavity

80
Q

characteristics of tongue

A

true tongue essentially in terrestrial verts (different from rasping/primary tongues - once gills are lost), formed from hypobranchial musculature based at hyoid apparatus

81
Q

functions of tongue

A

manipulate/obtain food, swallowing, may develop taste buds, vomeronasal function

82
Q

types of oral glands

A

fish: few mucus glands; lamprey: pair of anticoagulant glands; terrestrial: salivary glands, sometimes poison

83
Q

characteristics/functions of thyroid

A

begins as mid ventral outgrowth of pharynx and loses connection with it, can be scattered follicles or discrete glands, can migrate posteriorly in some animals; produces hormones and metabolizes iodine

84
Q

characteristics/functions of thymus

A

develops from some pharyngeal pouches in all verts, located at base of neck, stem cells that differentiate into lymphocytes - involved in immune response (prominent in young reduced in adults)

85
Q

teeth of cyclostomes

A

not true teeth, denticles protruding from disk, keratinized cones used to cling to flesh

86
Q

teeth of gnathostomes

A

true teeth, mainly marginal series, may be secondarily lost, can also be palatine, vomerine, pharyngeal teeth; epidermal and dermal origin

87
Q

homodont

A

reptiles, fishes - teeth all the same usually conical and simple

88
Q

heterodont

A

mammals - differentiated teeth in different regions of oral cavity

89
Q

patterns of tooth attachment to jaw bones

A

acrodont, pleurodont, thecodont

90
Q

parts and materials making up true teeth

A

crown, root, pulp cavity; enamel, dentine, cementum

91
Q

polyphyodonty

A

teeth continuously replaced in organized waves ensuring no one area becomes toothless, most lower verts

92
Q

diphyodonty

A

two sets of teeth - most mammals

93
Q

monophyodonty

A

one set of teeth that grow continuously as they are worn down throughout life - whales, sloths

94
Q

types of mammalian teeth

A

incisors, canines, premolars (have juvenile precursors), molars (not replacement teeth)

95
Q

functions of cardiovascular system

A

transportation of material to and from cells, circulation of hormones, immune system, repair of injured tissue

96
Q

basic cardiovascular condition in fish

A

blood with low O2 goes heart to gills, blood filled with O2 goes to gut and back to heart via liver

97
Q

basic cardiovascular condition in tetrapods

A

low O2 blood goes to heart to lungs, back to heart and out to body

98
Q

4 systems of veins

A

subintestinal/hepatic, dorsal cardinal veins/vena cavae, abdominal veins, pulmonary veins

99
Q

subintestinal veins

A

first system to arise in embryo, paired initially extending along gut surface and coalescing into single vein, initially: anteriorly heart to ventral aorta and posteriorly gut to heart; after liver develops: divides anterior part into hepatic vein, divides posterior part into hepatic portal vein

100
Q

hepatic vein conditions

A

in most fishes hepatic vein - heart-liver, lungfish and tetrapods - part of hepatic vein incorporated into posterior vena cava so hepatic vein only defined as part that goes liver-post vena cava

101
Q

cardinal veins in chondricthyeans and actinpterygians

A

replaced by vena cavae in higher forms, largely posterior/anterior paired veins in embryos, collect into common cardinal and into sinus venosus

102
Q

cardinal veins in lungfish and tetrapods

A

posterior cardinal becomes less important so common cardinal becomes continuous with anterior cardinal, subclavian feeds into common cardinal so that dorsal veins begin to look like anterior vena cava

103
Q

veins from head to heart in tetrapods

A

leaves head posteriorly through internal/external jugulars and subclavian more posteriorly, then through left/right anterior vena cavae or sometimes just right since left disappears (mammals forms brachiocephalic and AVC)

104
Q

posterior cardinals in agnathans and sharks

A

in agnathans posterior cardinal drains blood from caudal, kidney, dorsal parts of body; in sharks renal portal vein develops

105
Q

posterior cardinals in lungfish and urodeles

A

changes toward posterior vena cava by hepatic vein connecting to right posterior cardinal through a vein called posterior vena cava so that posterodorsal body parts have multiple return paths to heart

106
Q

cardinal veins in lower tetrapods

A

loss of posterior cardinals, anterior cardinals reduced to azygous veins as anterior vena cava develops

107
Q

cardinal veins/vena cavae in mammals

A

renal portal system lost, some mammals lose left anterior vena cava so azygous remains as hemiazygous

108
Q

abdominal veins

A

in adult primitive verts and embryos of all verts, extend along anteroventral body wall

109
Q

abdominal veins in chondricthyeans

A

abdominal vein receives subclavian and iliac veins

110
Q

abdominal veins in actinopterygians and adult birds

A

NONE but iliac connects to renal portal and a vein goes from renal portal to liver, probably derived from abdominal

111
Q

abdominal veins in lungfish, amphibians, reptiles

A

single median vessel, part of hepatic portal system, connects with iliac, renal portal

112
Q

abdominal veins in mammals

A

NONE (also no renal portal) iliac goes into posterior vena cava

113
Q

pulmonary vein

A

absent in most fish bc no lungs, but in lungfish pulmonary bypasses sinus venosus and enters heart through atrium, the condition existing in all higher verts

114
Q

heart

A

formed from sub intestinal vein, posteriorly hepatic and hepatic portal veins, anteriorly becomes aorta/very muscular to pump blood

115
Q

primitive heart condition and development

A

a tube with 4 chambers (same as shark) arranged in sequential order with valves to prevent back flow; chambers fold in on themselves in an S shape

116
Q

tetrapod heart

A

sinus venosus and conus arteriosus become parts of large vessels, and atrium/ventricles get subdivided so that the heart can be a double pump

117
Q

steps to building a double barrelled heart

A

separate entrances to heart for body and lungs, separation of atrium/ventricle into 2 chambers - lungfish incomplete separations, amphibians 2 atria 1 ventricle

118
Q

heart chamber condition in turtles, snakes, lizards

A

partial septa in ventricle

119
Q

heart chamber condition in reptiles

A

ventricle partially subdivided into dorsal and ventral, dorsal further incompletely subdivided

120
Q

heart chamber condition in crocodiles

A

ventricles divided, gap at base of arterial trunks at foramen of panniza shunts blood from left ventricle to left systemic artery - foramen can be closed and is useful for diving

121
Q

heart condition in birds and mammals

A

completely separated chambers, completely separate flow of ox and deox blood

122
Q

lymphatic system

A

secondary system supplementing veins returning excess interstitial fluids from tissues to heart that has left capillaries due to osmotic pressure

123
Q

arise from heart in pairs and pass through gill bars as efferent or afferent

A

aortic arches

124
Q

extends downwards and forwards from efferent branchial artery, supplies oxygenated blood to lower jaw

A

external carotid artery

125
Q

aortic arch 1, between mouth and spiracle

A

mandibular artery

126
Q

aortic arch 2, between spiracle and first normal slit

A

hyoid artery

127
Q

role of kidney

A

major excretory organ in vertebrates, rids body of nitrogenous waste, major role in water balance

128
Q

early kidney embryology

A

mesomere develops into nephrotome which develops from front to back - 1 nephric unit/body segment

129
Q

holonephros

A

idealized primitive kidney formed from longitudinal series of nephric units draining into archinephric duct which at that point = wolffian duct

130
Q

what exists instead of holonephros

A

sometimes almost approach holonephros condition but in hagfishes and higher verts anterior tubules degenerate,

131
Q

pronephros

A

anteriormost holonephros that develops into archinephric duct

132
Q

opisthonephros

A

posterior to pronephros in idealized primitive and later develops an increased # of tubules, a loss of segmentation, and a concentration to posterior of body into kidneys, and anterior part to associate with testis by archinaephric

133
Q

amniote primitive kidney condition

A

nephrotome develops into segmentally arranged tubules at anterior end, 1st 3 join into pronephros > archinephric, leads to developing cloaca

134
Q

mesonephros

A

posterior to pronephros, develops to join existing archinephric, but acts as a functional kidney for embryonic development

135
Q

metanephros

A

develops from tubules posterior to mesonephros, unsegmented mostly spherical mass that develops large # of tubules in late embryo and adult, tubules do not empty into archinephric but into newly developed ureter

136
Q

anamniote kidney condition

A

no metanephros > ureter, drained by archinephric and accessory ducts

137
Q

cyclostome urogenital duct condition

A

no gonadal ducts, sperm and ova shed directly into body cavity, archinephric used for urine by kidney

138
Q

gnathostome/teleost urogenital duct condition

A

sperm and ova pass to outside via closed tubes but ova shed into coelum and funnelled into duct lying close by, archinephric used for urine by kidney

139
Q

female gonadal ducts

A

ovarian or mullein that eventually develop uterine tube and uterus in various forms by infolding or splitting epithelium near archinephric

140
Q

male gonadal ducts

A

testes usually taps into archinephric, develops anteriorly in coelom (near part of kidney that loses urinary function) along with seminiferous tubules, which may connect with anterior kidney

141
Q

anamniote urogenital duct condition

A

archinephric used for sperm conduction, ova through mullerian duct, urine passes through accessory ducts to caudal archinephric or cloaca

142
Q

amniote urogenital duct condition

A

archinephric develops into ductus deferens for sperm conduction, oviduct conducts ova (female archinephric degenerates), ureter used for urine

143
Q

motor neurons

A

efferent; develops from CNS

144
Q

sensory neurons

A

afferent; develops from neural crest

145
Q

4 nerve fibres of the PNS

A

somatic sensory, somatic motor, visceral sensory, visceral motor

146
Q

function of somatic sensory nerves

A

from skin and sense organs of muscles, tendons

147
Q

function of somatic motor nerves

A

to somatic musculature

148
Q

function of visceral sensory nerves

A

from gut

149
Q

function of visceral motor nerves

A

to gut muscles, blood vessels, glands

150
Q

visceral efferent system

A

efferent > autonomic / special branchial > parasympathetic / sympathetic

151
Q

characteristics of spinal nerves

A

usually paired and in every segment, formed from dorsal and ventral roots at spinal cord (primitively unfused), divides into rami upon leaving vertebral canal (mostly somatic fibres)

152
Q

mammalian arrangement of fibres by root

A

dorsal - somatic and visceral sensory, ventral - somatic and visceral motor

153
Q

lower amniote, fish, amphibian arrangement of fibres by root

A

dorsal - somatic, visceral sensory and visceral motor, ventral - somatic and visceral motor

154
Q

amphioxus arrangement of fibres by root

A

dorsal - somatic motor, ventral - somatic and visceral sensory, visceral motor

155
Q

central nervous systems

A

brain and spinal cord, formed from rolling neurectoderm i.e. early chordomesoderm along mid dorsal line into neural tube and then front enlarges becoming brain

156
Q

primitive tripartite brain sections

A

prosencephalon, mesencephalon, rhombencephalon

157
Q

functions of primitive tripartite brain sections

A

smell, sight (later switches to cerebrum), lateral line (and later hearing)

158
Q

basal vertebrate 5 part brain sections as they develop from tripartite sections

A

prosencephalon - telencephalon, diencephalon; mesencephalon; rhombencephalon - metencephalon and myencephalon

159
Q

telencephalon

A

olfactory bulbs; cerebrum

160
Q

diencephalon

A

thalamus, epithalamus, hypothalamus

161
Q

mesencephalon

A

optic lobes

162
Q

metencephalon

A

cerebellum and pons in mammals

163
Q

myencephalon

A

medulla oblongata

164
Q

ventricles associated with brain sections

A

telencephalon - 2 lateral; diencephalon - 3rd, mesencephalon - optic (until location changed), metencephalon - cerebellar; myencephalon - 4th ventricle

165
Q

3 types of cranial nerve fibres

A

special branchial motor, special visceral sensory (taste), special somatic sensory (nose, eyes, ears/lateral line)

166
Q

3 types of nerves (cranial and spinal fibres combined)

A

special sensory, dorsal root, ventral root

167
Q

the 13 cranial nerves

A

0 terminalis I olfactory II optic III oculomotor IV trochlear V1 profundus V2,3 trigeminal proper VI abducens VII facial VIII acoustic IX glossopharyngeal X/XI vagus/accessory XII hypoglossal

168
Q

ventral root cranial nerves

A

i.e. somatic motor; oculomotor, trochlear, abducens, hypoglossal

169
Q

special somatic sensory cranial nerves

A

olfactory, optics, auditory and bonus lateral line nerves

170
Q

muscles innervated by oculomotor

A

ventral oblique, dorsal, ventral, medial rectus

171
Q

muscles innervated by trochlear

A

dorsal oblique

172
Q

muscles innervated by abducens

A

lateral rectus

173
Q

dorsal root cranial nerves

A

trigeminal, facial, glossopharyngeal, vagus/accessory

174
Q

nerve of mandibular arch

A

trigeminal

175
Q

nerve of hyoid arch (and spiracle when present)

A

facial

176
Q

nerve of first branchial arch

A

glossopharyngeal

177
Q

nerves of last 4 branchial arches

A

vagus and accessory

Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy (18 decks)

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