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ET 410 > Lectures F-J > Flashcards

Lectures F-J Flashcards

1
Q

Algae Toxins

A

Phycotoxins

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2
Q

Fungi Toxins

A

Mycotoxins

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3
Q

Plant Toxins

A

Phototoxins

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4
Q

Animal Toxins

A

Zootoxins

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5
Q

Venom Functions

A

Offensive and Defensive (feeding deterrent)

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6
Q

Poison Functions

A

Usually Defensive (feeding deterrent)

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7
Q

Hemotoxic effects

A

Cardiovascular system damage

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8
Q

Cytotoxic effects

A

Local cellular damage

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9
Q

Neurotoxic effects

A

Brain and Nervous System damage

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10
Q

Proteolytic enzyme activity

A

Breakdown of proteins

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11
Q

Hydrozoa

A

Portuguese Man-of-War and Fire Coral

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12
Q

Schyphozoa

A

True Jellyfish

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13
Q

Alkaloids

A

Naturally occurring in plants; contain nitrogen; affect nervous system; examples include caffeine, nicotine, and heroine

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14
Q

Glycosides

A

Naturally occurring in plants; antioxidants, sweeteners, cyanide

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15
Q

Oral Irritants

A

Philodendron domesticum, Jack-in-the-Pulpit

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16
Q

Emetics (cause vomiting)

A

Iris, Star of Bethlahem, Lily of the Valley

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17
Q

Quick Diarrhea

A

Pokeweed, Marsh Marigold, Buttercups

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18
Q

Gastroenteritis

A

Castor bean, Rosary pea

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19
Q

Convulsants

A

Poison Hemlock, Water Hemlock

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20
Q

Belladonna Alkaloids

A

Deadly Nightshade, Jimson Weed

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21
Q

Cardiovascular Toxins

A

Foxglove, Aconitum, Taxus, Veratrum viride

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22
Q

Skeletal Toxins

A

Nicotiniana, Lobella, Gelsiminium

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23
Q

The poison that caused 1/3 of French murders

A

Arsenic

24
Q

Paris Green

A

Cu + As

25
Q

Lead Arsenate

A

Insecticide

26
Q

Arsenic Exposure Routes

A

Air, Water, Food

27
Q

Lead (Pb)

A

Ubiquitous; no living organisms need it to survive; toxic in most chemical forms; accumulative metabolic poison

28
Q

Current uses for lead worldwide

A

Storage Batteries, Solders, Metal Alloys, Plastic, Leaded Glass, Ceramic Glazes, Ammunition, Ornaments, Radiation Shielding

29
Q

Consequences of Exposure to High Lead Levels

A

Brain damage, kidney damage, miscarriage, death

30
Q

Common uses of Cadmium

A

Batteries, Pigments, Coatings, Stabilizers in Plastics, Nonferrous Alloys

31
Q

Cadmium Exposure Routes

A

Inhalation or Ingestion

32
Q

Cadmium Effects on Body

A

Damage to Kidneys and Bones

33
Q

Adverse Effects of Mercury

A

Damage to Nervous System, Kidneys, and Developing Fetuses

34
Q

How does Inorganic Mercury enter the air?

A
  • Mining ore deposits
  • Burning coal/waster
  • Manufacturing
35
Q

How does Inorganic Mercury enter water or soil?

A
  • Natural deposits
  • Disposal of waste
  • Volcanic Activity
36
Q

Environmental Fate of Mercury

A

Inorganic mercury in water or soil is biotransformed by bacterial action into methylmercury

37
Q

Phytoremediation

A

The use of plants and plant processes to remove, degrade, or render harmless hazardous materials present in the soil or groundwater

38
Q

Plant Hyperaccumulators

A
  • Arsenic: certain grasses and ferns
  • Mercury: mustards
  • Lead: mustards, sunflowers
  • Cadmium: grasses, mustards, sunflowers
39
Q

What is Chelation Therapy?

A

Established treatment for the removal of metal toxins by converting them to a chemically inert form that can be excreted in the urine

40
Q

Direct Impacts of Petroleum Contamination

A

Oil Spills, LUSTS

41
Q

Natural Processes Operating on Spilled Oil

A

Weathering, Evaporation, Oxidation, Biodegradation, Emulsification

42
Q

Petroleum Contamination Impact on Biota

A
  • Physical Contact (matting of fur and feathers)
  • Toxic Contamination (damage to central nervous system, liver, and lungs)
  • Destruction of Food Resources and Habitats
  • Reproductive Problems (oil closing air exchange holes in eggs)
43
Q

TPH Releases into the Environment

A

accidents, from industries, byproducts from commercial or private uses

44
Q

Common Sources of TPH Exposure

A

Light fractions in air, Gasoline fumes at the pump, Crankcase oil on pavement, Pesticides, Occupational Exposures, Groundwater Spills or LUSTS

45
Q

Characteristics of Organic Solvents

A
  • Usually liquid
  • Lipophilic
  • Volatile
  • Relatively small molecules
  • No electric charge
46
Q

Chlorinated Hydrocarbons

A

Biocides and POPs

47
Q

Trichloroethylene

A

Over 1/2 of sites on National Priorities List (NPL)

48
Q

Aromatic Hydrocarbons

A

Benzene, Toluene, Zylene, Ethylbenzene, Styrene

49
Q

Benzene

A

Petroleum product, solvent, synthesis of other chemicals, causes bone marrow damage and leukemias, cigarette smoke, industrial exposures

50
Q

Toluene

A

Paints, lacquers, thinners, cleaning agents, glues, gasoline; exposure by breating, volcanoes, forest fires, crude oil, TPH

51
Q

Zylene and Ethylbenzene

A

Occupational and Environmental Exposures; gasoline, fuel oil, solvents, synthetic intermediates

52
Q

Styrene

A

Occupational Exposure; production of polystyrene, synthetic rubber, resins, insulators

53
Q

PAH Origins

A

Biogenic, Petrogenic, and Pyrogenic

54
Q

Biogenic

A

Produced by living organisms

55
Q

Petrogenic

A

Generated by geological processes

56
Q

Pyrogenic

A

Generated by high temperature combustion of organic matter

ET 410 (8 decks)

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