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ET 410 > Lectures F-J > Flashcards

Lectures F-J Flashcards

1
Q

Algae Toxins

A

Phycotoxins

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2
Q

Fungi Toxins

A

Mycotoxins

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3
Q

Plant Toxins

A

Phototoxins

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4
Q

Animal Toxins

A

Zootoxins

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5
Q

Venom Functions

A

Offensive and Defensive (feeding deterrent)

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6
Q

Poison Functions

A

Usually Defensive (feeding deterrent)

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7
Q

Hemotoxic effects

A

Cardiovascular system damage

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8
Q

Cytotoxic effects

A

Local cellular damage

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9
Q

Neurotoxic effects

A

Brain and Nervous System damage

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10
Q

Proteolytic enzyme activity

A

Breakdown of proteins

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11
Q

Hydrozoa

A

Portuguese Man-of-War and Fire Coral

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12
Q

Schyphozoa

A

True Jellyfish

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13
Q

Alkaloids

A

Naturally occurring in plants; contain nitrogen; affect nervous system; examples include caffeine, nicotine, and heroine

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14
Q

Glycosides

A

Naturally occurring in plants; antioxidants, sweeteners, cyanide

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15
Q

Oral Irritants

A

Philodendron domesticum, Jack-in-the-Pulpit

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16
Q

Emetics (cause vomiting)

A

Iris, Star of Bethlahem, Lily of the Valley

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17
Q

Quick Diarrhea

A

Pokeweed, Marsh Marigold, Buttercups

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18
Q

Gastroenteritis

A

Castor bean, Rosary pea

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19
Q

Convulsants

A

Poison Hemlock, Water Hemlock

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20
Q

Belladonna Alkaloids

A

Deadly Nightshade, Jimson Weed

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21
Q

Cardiovascular Toxins

A

Foxglove, Aconitum, Taxus, Veratrum viride

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22
Q

Skeletal Toxins

A

Nicotiniana, Lobella, Gelsiminium

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23
Q

The poison that caused 1/3 of French murders

24
Q

Paris Green

25
Lead Arsenate
Insecticide
26
Arsenic Exposure Routes
Air, Water, Food
27
Lead (Pb)
Ubiquitous; no living organisms need it to survive; toxic in most chemical forms; accumulative metabolic poison
28
Current uses for lead worldwide
Storage Batteries, Solders, Metal Alloys, Plastic, Leaded Glass, Ceramic Glazes, Ammunition, Ornaments, Radiation Shielding
29
Consequences of Exposure to High Lead Levels
Brain damage, kidney damage, miscarriage, death
30
Common uses of Cadmium
Batteries, Pigments, Coatings, Stabilizers in Plastics, Nonferrous Alloys
31
Cadmium Exposure Routes
Inhalation or Ingestion
32
Cadmium Effects on Body
Damage to Kidneys and Bones
33
Adverse Effects of Mercury
Damage to Nervous System, Kidneys, and Developing Fetuses
34
How does Inorganic Mercury enter the air?
- Mining ore deposits - Burning coal/waster - Manufacturing
35
How does Inorganic Mercury enter water or soil?
- Natural deposits - Disposal of waste - Volcanic Activity
36
Environmental Fate of Mercury
Inorganic mercury in water or soil is biotransformed by bacterial action into methylmercury
37
Phytoremediation
The use of plants and plant processes to remove, degrade, or render harmless hazardous materials present in the soil or groundwater
38
Plant Hyperaccumulators
- Arsenic: certain grasses and ferns - Mercury: mustards - Lead: mustards, sunflowers - Cadmium: grasses, mustards, sunflowers
39
What is Chelation Therapy?
Established treatment for the removal of metal toxins by converting them to a chemically inert form that can be excreted in the urine
40
Direct Impacts of Petroleum Contamination
Oil Spills, LUSTS
41
Natural Processes Operating on Spilled Oil
Weathering, Evaporation, Oxidation, Biodegradation, Emulsification
42
Petroleum Contamination Impact on Biota
- Physical Contact (matting of fur and feathers) - Toxic Contamination (damage to central nervous system, liver, and lungs) - Destruction of Food Resources and Habitats - Reproductive Problems (oil closing air exchange holes in eggs)
43
TPH Releases into the Environment
accidents, from industries, byproducts from commercial or private uses
44
Common Sources of TPH Exposure
Light fractions in air, Gasoline fumes at the pump, Crankcase oil on pavement, Pesticides, Occupational Exposures, Groundwater Spills or LUSTS
45
Characteristics of Organic Solvents
- Usually liquid - Lipophilic - Volatile - Relatively small molecules - No electric charge
46
Chlorinated Hydrocarbons
Biocides and POPs
47
Trichloroethylene
Over 1/2 of sites on National Priorities List (NPL)
48
Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Benzene, Toluene, Zylene, Ethylbenzene, Styrene
49
Benzene
Petroleum product, solvent, synthesis of other chemicals, causes bone marrow damage and leukemias, cigarette smoke, industrial exposures
50
Toluene
Paints, lacquers, thinners, cleaning agents, glues, gasoline; exposure by breating, volcanoes, forest fires, crude oil, TPH
51
Zylene and Ethylbenzene
Occupational and Environmental Exposures; gasoline, fuel oil, solvents, synthetic intermediates
52
Styrene
Occupational Exposure; production of polystyrene, synthetic rubber, resins, insulators
53
PAH Origins
Biogenic, Petrogenic, and Pyrogenic
54
Biogenic
Produced by living organisms
55
Petrogenic
Generated by geological processes
56
Pyrogenic
Generated by high temperature combustion of organic matter

ET 410 (8 decks)

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