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ET 410 > Lectures A-E > Flashcards

Lectures A-E Flashcards

1
Q

What happened to Viktor Yushchenko?

A

Dioxin Poisoning

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2
Q

What is the most toxic substance of biological origin?

A

Clostridium botulinum

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3
Q

What causes mesothelioma?

A

Significant exposure to asbestos

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4
Q

Which US agency is concerned with the health effects of environmental exposure to toxic chemicals?

A

CDC

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5
Q

What is toxicology?

A

The study of adverse effects of external factors on people, organisms, and the environment

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6
Q

What are toxic substances?

A

Materials causing injury to living organisms as a result of physiochemical interactions

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7
Q

What is Warfarin?

A

An anticoagulant used to help prevent harmful clots from forming in vessels; both odorless and tasteless

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8
Q

Rule #1

A

All substances are poisons; there is none which is not a poison. The right dose differentiates a poison and a remedy

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9
Q

Toxicant

A

An agent capable of causing toxicity

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10
Q

Toxin

A

Chemicals produced by living organisms

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11
Q

Poison

A

Any substance that when inhaled, ingested, absorbed, or developed within a body in relatively small amounts, may cause harm or death

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12
Q

Venom

A

Animal toxin produced in gland or group of cells and delivered to another animal through bite or sting

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13
Q

Xenobiotic

A

Any chemical that is not a natural component of the body

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14
Q

ASDR Chemical Classifications

A

Structure, Uses, Physical properties, Radiological properties

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15
Q

Carbon Tetrachloride

A

Affects hepatic, cardiovascular, and neurological organ systems; reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen; volatile organic compound

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16
Q

Aldrin/Dieldrin

A

Affects hepatic, developmental, endocrine, immunological, and neurological organ systems; not classified as a carcinogen; chemically classified as a pesticide

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17
Q

4 Types of Doses

A
  1. ) Administered
  2. ) Internal
  3. ) Exposure
  4. ) Effective
18
Q

LD50

A

Standard measure of acute toxicity; amount of toxic substance per unit of body weight; individual dose required to kill 50% of the population of animals

19
Q

Slightly Toxic

A

Aspirin, Salt, Vinilin

20
Q

Moderately Toxic

A

Caffeine, Nicotine, Warfarin

21
Q

Highly Toxic

A

Sodium Cyanide, Vitamin D, parathion

22
Q

Supertoxic

A

Atropine, Sarin, Dioxin

23
Q

Biotoxins

A

Botulinum, Ricin

24
Q

Conditions necessary for toxic effect

A
  1. ) The toxic agent can reach the appropriate site
  2. ) The toxic agent is at a concentration that produces the effect
  3. ) The toxic agent is present for a length of time sufficient to produce the effect
25
Q

Factors influencing response

A
  1. ) Exposure Route
  2. ) Biochemistry
  3. ) Individual or group factors
  4. ) Other
26
Q

Exposure Routes

A

Ingestion, Injection, Inhalation, topical/dermal

27
Q

Additivity

A

Combination of two or more substances results in sum of the expected individual responses

28
Q

Antagonism

A

Exposure to one chemical results in reduction of the affect of another chemical

29
Q

Potentiation

A

Exposure to one chemical results in other chemical producing a greater effect than if it had been given alone

30
Q

Synergism

A

Exposure to one chemical results in dramatic increase in the effect of another chemical

31
Q

Dose-Response Relationship

A

Relationship between amount of the hazard entering the body and the amount of harm it causes

32
Q

No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL)

A

Highest dose data point at which there is no observed toxic or adverse effect

33
Q

Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Level (LOAEL)

A

Lowest data point at which there is an observed toxic or adverse effect

34
Q

Why use dose-response experiments on non-human subjects?

A
  1. ) To establish direct causality
  2. ) To determine the lowest dose that induces the effect (threshold dose)
  3. ) To determine the rate at which damage builds
35
Q

Movement of Toxic Substances

A

Absorption, Distribution, Biotransformation, Excretion

36
Q

Metabolism

A

Physical and chemical changes that take place in a substance within an organism

37
Q

Metabolite

A

Intermediate or product resulting from metabolism

38
Q

Results of Chemical Conversion

A

Detoxification (substances of lower toxicity)

Bioactivation (substances of higher toxicity)

39
Q

Detoxification

A

Conversion of fat-soluble, non-polar, non-excretable chemicals to water-soluble, polar, and excretable chemicals

40
Q

Biotransformation Sites

A

Liver, Kidneys, Lungs

41
Q

Bioactivation

A

Metabolic conversion of a xenobiotic chemical to a more toxic chemical or derivative

ET 410 (8 decks)

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