Lectures A-E

Question 1

What happened to Viktor Yushchenko?

Answer 1

Dioxin Poisoning

Question 2

What is the most toxic substance of biological origin?

Answer 2

Clostridium botulinum

Question 3

What causes mesothelioma?

Answer 3

Significant exposure to asbestos

Question 4

Which US agency is concerned with the health effects of environmental exposure to toxic chemicals?

Answer 4

CDC

Question 5

What is toxicology?

Answer 5

The study of adverse effects of external factors on people, organisms, and the environment

Question 6

What are toxic substances?

Answer 6

Materials causing injury to living organisms as a result of physiochemical interactions

Question 7

What is Warfarin?

Answer 7

An anticoagulant used to help prevent harmful clots from forming in vessels; both odorless and tasteless

Question 8

Rule #1

Answer 8

All substances are poisons; there is none which is not a poison. The right dose differentiates a poison and a remedy

Question 9

Toxicant

Answer 9

An agent capable of causing toxicity

Question 10

Toxin

Answer 10

Chemicals produced by living organisms

Question 11

Poison

Answer 11

Any substance that when inhaled, ingested, absorbed, or developed within a body in relatively small amounts, may cause harm or death

Question 12

Venom

Answer 12

Animal toxin produced in gland or group of cells and delivered to another animal through bite or sting

Question 13

Xenobiotic

Answer 13

Any chemical that is not a natural component of the body

Question 14

ASDR Chemical Classifications

Answer 14

Structure, Uses, Physical properties, Radiological properties

Question 15

Carbon Tetrachloride

Answer 15

Affects hepatic, cardiovascular, and neurological organ systems; reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen; volatile organic compound

Question 16

Aldrin/Dieldrin

Answer 16

Affects hepatic, developmental, endocrine, immunological, and neurological organ systems; not classified as a carcinogen; chemically classified as a pesticide

Question 17

4 Types of Doses

Answer 17

1. ) Administered
2. ) Internal
3. ) Exposure
4. ) Effective

Question 18

LD50

Answer 18

Standard measure of acute toxicity; amount of toxic substance per unit of body weight; individual dose required to kill 50% of the population of animals

Question 19

Slightly Toxic

Answer 19

Aspirin, Salt, Vinilin

Question 20

Moderately Toxic

Answer 20

Caffeine, Nicotine, Warfarin

Question 21

Highly Toxic

Answer 21

Sodium Cyanide, Vitamin D, parathion

Question 22

Supertoxic

Answer 22

Atropine, Sarin, Dioxin

Question 23

Biotoxins

Answer 23

Botulinum, Ricin

Question 24

Conditions necessary for toxic effect

Answer 24

1. ) The toxic agent can reach the appropriate site
2. ) The toxic agent is at a concentration that produces the effect
3. ) The toxic agent is present for a length of time sufficient to produce the effect

Question 25

Factors influencing response

Answer 25

1. ) Exposure Route 2. ) Biochemistry 3. ) Individual or group factors 4. ) Other

Question 26

Exposure Routes

Answer 26

Ingestion, Injection, Inhalation, topical/dermal

Question 27

Additivity

Answer 27

Combination of two or more substances results in sum of the expected individual responses

Question 28

Antagonism

Answer 28

Exposure to one chemical results in reduction of the affect of another chemical

Question 29

Potentiation

Answer 29

Exposure to one chemical results in other chemical producing a greater effect than if it had been given alone

Question 30

Synergism

Answer 30

Exposure to one chemical results in dramatic increase in the effect of another chemical

Question 31

Dose-Response Relationship

Answer 31

Relationship between amount of the hazard entering the body and the amount of harm it causes

Question 32

No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL)

Answer 32

Highest dose data point at which there is no observed toxic or adverse effect

Question 33

Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Level (LOAEL)

Answer 33

Lowest data point at which there is an observed toxic or adverse effect

Question 34

Why use dose-response experiments on non-human subjects?

Answer 34

1. ) To establish direct causality 2. ) To determine the lowest dose that induces the effect (threshold dose) 3. ) To determine the rate at which damage builds

Question 35

Movement of Toxic Substances

Answer 35

Absorption, Distribution, Biotransformation, Excretion

Question 36

Metabolism

Answer 36

Physical and chemical changes that take place in a substance within an organism

Question 37

Metabolite

Answer 37

Intermediate or product resulting from metabolism

Question 38

Results of Chemical Conversion

Answer 38

Detoxification (substances of lower toxicity) | Bioactivation (substances of higher toxicity)

Question 39

Detoxification

Answer 39

Conversion of fat-soluble, non-polar, non-excretable chemicals to water-soluble, polar, and excretable chemicals

Question 40

Biotransformation Sites

Answer 40

Liver, Kidneys, Lungs

Question 41

Bioactivation

Answer 41

Metabolic conversion of a xenobiotic chemical to a more toxic chemical or derivative