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ET 410 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a sphere?

A

A distinct part of the environment that is relatively homogenous and which a chemical behaves in a uniform manner

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2
Q

2 ways that contaminants circulate within the atmosphere

A

Diffusion and Advection

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3
Q

Define Diffusion

A

Spontaneous differential movement of components in a system

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4
Q

Define Advection

A

Process of transport of a substance in air or water solely by mass motion

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5
Q

What are some characteristics of multiphase contaminants?

A
  • Back and forth between spheres
  • Intermediate size molecules
  • Occurs in gaseous, liquid, and particle phases
  • Affected by temperature changes and winds
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6
Q

Characteristics of Imidacloprid

A

Neonicotinoid insecticide, low toxicity for mammals, adverse effects include central nervous system damage; not volatile, persists in soil, potential to move into ground water and plant tissues

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7
Q

Define Adsorption

A

The binding of molecules or particles to a surface. It occurs because of a chemical attraction between the chemical and soil particles

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8
Q

Define Absorption

A

Penetration of a substance into an organism and its cells

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9
Q

Imidacloprid in AIR

A

Low potential of volatilization

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10
Q

Imidacloprid in SOIL

A

Low adsorption to soil particles; breaks down within 30 to 100 days

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11
Q

Imidacloprid in GROUND WATER

A

Generally thought to be low

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12
Q

Imidacloprid in BIOTA

A

Absorbed into plant tissues, Adsorbed onto leaves and flowers

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13
Q

In what ways are bees exposed to neonicotinoids?

A

Insecticide-contaminated dust and residues in pollen or nectar

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14
Q

Define Plastic

A
  1. ) Easily shaped, molded stretched, or otherwise manipulated
  2. ) Organic polymers that can be molded while soft, then set into a rigid or slightly elastic form
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15
Q

What are 3 examples of bioplastics?

A
  • Corn and other crops
  • Wood
  • Natural resins
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16
Q

Which 3 sources of primary chemicals can plastics be synthesized from?

A

Oil, natural gas, and coal

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17
Q

PET/PETE

A

Polyethylene Terephthalate

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18
Q

Which are the two main types of plastic that BPA is found in?

A

Polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins

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19
Q

What are 2 concerns with BPA?

A

Leachate from containers and affected by temperature

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20
Q

What are Phthalates?

A

Plasticizers found in the food and construction industries and products including cosmetics, pesticides, lubricants, and solvents

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21
Q

What do Plasticizers do?

A

Make brittle plastics softer and more flexible

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22
Q

What is an Endocrine Disrupter?

A

Chemicals (man-made or natural) that interfere with production or activity of hormones in the endocrine system

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23
Q

What are 6 sources of Endocrine Disrupters?

A
  1. ) Dioxins
  2. ) Phthalates
  3. ) Flame Retardants
  4. ) Phenols
  5. ) Polychlorinated biphenols (PCBs)
  6. ) Polyaromatic hydrocarbons
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24
Q

Where can vinyl chloride, a known carcinogen, be found?

A

Food packaging, medical products, appliances, cards, toys, credit cards, rainwear, PVC

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25
Q

What are 3 characteristics of Dioxins?

A
  1. ) Known carcinogen
  2. ) Endocrine disrupter
  3. ) Incineration of vinyl chloride products
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26
Q

Where is Styrene found?

A

Styrofoam food trays, egg cartons, disposable cups and bowls, carryout containers, opaque plastic cutlery

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27
Q

What are the adverse effects of Styrene?

A

Central Nervous System; headache, fatigue, dizziness, confusion, drowsiness, malaise, difficulty concentrating, feeling of intoxication

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28
Q

Define Solubility

A

A measure of the ability of a pesticide to dissolve in a solvent, usually water

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29
Q

Define Persistence

A

The ability of a pesticide to remain present and active in its original form for an extended period before breaking down; described in terms of “half-life”

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30
Q

What is “half-life”?

A

A comparative measure of the time needed for the chemical to degrade

31
Q

Define Residue

A

A pesticide that remains in the environment after an application or spill

32
Q

What are 5 ways that pesticides can move offsite?

A
  1. ) Improper handling
  2. ) Application
  3. ) Drift
  4. ) Leaching
  5. ) Runoff
33
Q

What are 3 ways that pesticides are degraded in the environment?

A
  1. ) Photodegradation
  2. ) Microbial degradation
  3. ) Chemical degradation
34
Q

Define Volatility

A

The tendency of a pesticide to turn into a gas or vapor; increases as temperature and wind increase

35
Q

Define Drift

A

Pesticide movement away from the application site by wind or air currents

36
Q

What are 2 methods of pesticide movement in water?

A

Runoff and Leaching. Runoff is surface movement off the treated site and leaching is downward movement through soil

37
Q

What are 3 situations in which runoff or leaching occur?

A
  1. ) Too much pesticide is applied or spilled on a surface
  2. ) Too much rainwater or irrigation water
  3. ) Highly water-soluble or persistent pesticides are used
38
Q

What is spray drift?

A

The off-target movement of a pesticide during a liquid application; result of small spray droplets traveling offsite on air currents; occurs more frequently than vapor drift or particle drift

39
Q

What are two environmental conditions that can increase the incidence of spray drift?

A

Low relative humidity and high temperatures

40
Q

When does a temperature inversion occur?

A

When the air at ground level is cooler than the air above it; the air is considered stable because there is no vertical air movement

41
Q

What are 3 ways that bees can be exposed to pesiticides?

A
  1. ) Direct contact during foliar application
  2. ) Contact with residues on plant surfaces after application
  3. ) Drift from the application into the hive entrance
42
Q

What are some ways to minimize bee killing from insecticide poisoning?

A
  1. ) Look for bee hazard icon on pesticide label
  2. ) Do not apply insecticide to crops in bloom
  3. ) Apply insecticides in the evening or at night when bees are not foraging
  4. ) Do not allow pesticides to drift onto attractive habitat
  5. ) Choose the least hazardous insecticide, formulation, and application method
43
Q

What is a toxic tort?

A

A legal claim for harm caused by exposure to a dangerous substance - such as a pharmaceutical drug, pesticide, or chemical

44
Q

What is an ecological niche?

A

A species function within its habitat

45
Q

What is Negligence?

A

The legal term for any careless behavior that causes (or contributes to) an accident or injury

46
Q

What are 3 things that need to be proven for a negligence claim?

A
  1. ) The defendant had an obligation to act with reasonable care toward a certain person or the public
  2. ) The defendant’s action (or failure to act) did not meet this duty
  3. ) The defendant’s action (or failure to act) caused harm to the plaintiff
47
Q

What is Lindane?

A

A neurotoxin that can cause seizures, damage to the nervous system, and weaken the immune system

48
Q

What are some characteristics of a good law?

A

Clear and comprehensible, precise, consistent, equitable, enforceable, efficient, adjustable/flexible, includes consequences, constitutional

49
Q

What are 2 compounds used for wildlife control?

A

M-44 and 1080

50
Q

What is an externality?

A

Costs (or benefits) from an economic activity that effects someone other than those engaged in the economic activity

51
Q

What are some of the purposes of laws?

A

Protection, remediation, compensation, enforcement, equitability

52
Q

What are 5 causes for unintended consequences?

A
  1. ) Limits to existing knowledge (impossible to anticipate everything)
  2. ) Error (incomplete analysis of the problem)
  3. ) Immediacy of interest
  4. ) Basic Values
  5. ) Self-defeating prophecy (a prediction of consequences may change consequences)
53
Q

Define Population

A

A group of inter-breeding organisms of a particular species

54
Q

Define Community

A

Populations of interacting species

55
Q

Define Ecosystem

A

A system linking living and non-living components in an area

56
Q

Define Landscape

A

A unit containing multiple ecosystems

57
Q

Define Ecotoxicology

A

The study of the nature, effects, and interactions of substances that are harmful to the environment

58
Q

What are some ways that lend to the circulation of contaminants within the biosphere?

A

Bioavailability, degradation processes, concentrations, chemical form

59
Q

What are some ways that lend to the circulation of contaminants within the hydrosphere?

A

Diffusion, dispersion, bulk flow

60
Q

What are 2 functions of wetlands?

A
  1. ) Transform pollutants into less soluble forms that can be absorbed an inactivated by plants
  2. ) Create a habitat for microorganisms that transform and break down contaminants
61
Q

What is a constructed wetland?

A

A man-made wastewater treatment system that uses the natural processes of vegetation, microorganisms, and sunlight to filter out a variety of contaminants and improve water quality.

62
Q

Why are clay liners often placed underneath wetlands?

A

To prevent any leaching of contaminants/nutrients into ground water.

63
Q

Which property of a pesticide would make it more likely to move in surface water runoff?

A

Being highly soluble

64
Q

Under which conditions are pesticides most likely to leach through soil?

A

Sandy soil, low in organic matter

65
Q

What is an example of non-point-source contamination of groundwater?

A

Broadcasting pesticides along road sides, river edges, and cities.

66
Q

What are 2 sources of water contamination by pesticides?

A

Runoff and erosion

67
Q

When does offset migration occur?

A

When the printed outer surface of food packaging transfers chemicals to the inner food-contact surface

68
Q

What is BPA?

A

A component of polycarbonate plastics; endocrine disrupter

69
Q

What is Tritan?

A

A polymer that can replace traditional polycarbonate in clear, hard plastics used to make water bottles and baby bottles; free of estrogenic activity within the human body

70
Q

What are biobased plastics?

A

Plastics derived from a renewable biomass source

71
Q

What is the most common source of BPA in food-contact materials?

A

The metal can; the BPA-based epoxy resin linings serve to protect the container from corrosive elements of food and to protect the food from the can’s metallic taste

72
Q

What is isopropyl thioxantone used for?

A

Curing packaging inks

73
Q

What are nurdles?

A

Plastic pellets used as a feedstock for producing plastic goods

74
Q

What are microbeads?

A

Scrubbing agents used in personal care products

ET 410 (8 decks)

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