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Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a sphere?

A

A distinct part of the environment that is relatively homogenous and which a chemical behaves in a uniform manner

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2
Q

2 ways that contaminants circulate within the atmosphere

A

Diffusion and Advection

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3
Q

Define Diffusion

A

Spontaneous differential movement of components in a system

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4
Q

Define Advection

A

Process of transport of a substance in air or water solely by mass motion

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5
Q

What are some characteristics of multiphase contaminants?

A
  • Back and forth between spheres
  • Intermediate size molecules
  • Occurs in gaseous, liquid, and particle phases
  • Affected by temperature changes and winds
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6
Q

Characteristics of Imidacloprid

A

Neonicotinoid insecticide, low toxicity for mammals, adverse effects include central nervous system damage; not volatile, persists in soil, potential to move into ground water and plant tissues

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7
Q

Define Adsorption

A

The binding of molecules or particles to a surface. It occurs because of a chemical attraction between the chemical and soil particles

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8
Q

Define Absorption

A

Penetration of a substance into an organism and its cells

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9
Q

Imidacloprid in AIR

A

Low potential of volatilization

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10
Q

Imidacloprid in SOIL

A

Low adsorption to soil particles; breaks down within 30 to 100 days

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11
Q

Imidacloprid in GROUND WATER

A

Generally thought to be low

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12
Q

Imidacloprid in BIOTA

A

Absorbed into plant tissues, Adsorbed onto leaves and flowers

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13
Q

In what ways are bees exposed to neonicotinoids?

A

Insecticide-contaminated dust and residues in pollen or nectar

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14
Q

Define Plastic

A
  1. ) Easily shaped, molded stretched, or otherwise manipulated
  2. ) Organic polymers that can be molded while soft, then set into a rigid or slightly elastic form
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15
Q

What are 3 examples of bioplastics?

A
  • Corn and other crops
  • Wood
  • Natural resins
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16
Q

Which 3 sources of primary chemicals can plastics be synthesized from?

A

Oil, natural gas, and coal

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17
Q

PET/PETE

A

Polyethylene Terephthalate

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18
Q

Which are the two main types of plastic that BPA is found in?

A

Polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins

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19
Q

What are 2 concerns with BPA?

A

Leachate from containers and affected by temperature

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20
Q

What are Phthalates?

A

Plasticizers found in the food and construction industries and products including cosmetics, pesticides, lubricants, and solvents

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21
Q

What do Plasticizers do?

A

Make brittle plastics softer and more flexible

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22
Q

What is an Endocrine Disrupter?

A

Chemicals (man-made or natural) that interfere with production or activity of hormones in the endocrine system

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23
Q

What are 6 sources of Endocrine Disrupters?

A
  1. ) Dioxins
  2. ) Phthalates
  3. ) Flame Retardants
  4. ) Phenols
  5. ) Polychlorinated biphenols (PCBs)
  6. ) Polyaromatic hydrocarbons
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24
Q

Where can vinyl chloride, a known carcinogen, be found?

A

Food packaging, medical products, appliances, cards, toys, credit cards, rainwear, PVC

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25
What are 3 characteristics of Dioxins?
1. ) Known carcinogen 2. ) Endocrine disrupter 3. ) Incineration of vinyl chloride products
26
Where is Styrene found?
Styrofoam food trays, egg cartons, disposable cups and bowls, carryout containers, opaque plastic cutlery
27
What are the adverse effects of Styrene?
Central Nervous System; headache, fatigue, dizziness, confusion, drowsiness, malaise, difficulty concentrating, feeling of intoxication
28
Define Solubility
A measure of the ability of a pesticide to dissolve in a solvent, usually water
29
Define Persistence
The ability of a pesticide to remain present and active in its original form for an extended period before breaking down; described in terms of "half-life"
30
What is "half-life"?
A comparative measure of the time needed for the chemical to degrade
31
Define Residue
A pesticide that remains in the environment after an application or spill
32
What are 5 ways that pesticides can move offsite?
1. ) Improper handling 2. ) Application 3. ) Drift 4. ) Leaching 5. ) Runoff
33
What are 3 ways that pesticides are degraded in the environment?
1. ) Photodegradation 2. ) Microbial degradation 3. ) Chemical degradation
34
Define Volatility
The tendency of a pesticide to turn into a gas or vapor; increases as temperature and wind increase
35
Define Drift
Pesticide movement away from the application site by wind or air currents
36
What are 2 methods of pesticide movement in water?
Runoff and Leaching. Runoff is surface movement off the treated site and leaching is downward movement through soil
37
What are 3 situations in which runoff or leaching occur?
1. ) Too much pesticide is applied or spilled on a surface 2. ) Too much rainwater or irrigation water 3. ) Highly water-soluble or persistent pesticides are used
38
What is spray drift?
The off-target movement of a pesticide during a liquid application; result of small spray droplets traveling offsite on air currents; occurs more frequently than vapor drift or particle drift
39
What are two environmental conditions that can increase the incidence of spray drift?
Low relative humidity and high temperatures
40
When does a temperature inversion occur?
When the air at ground level is cooler than the air above it; the air is considered stable because there is no vertical air movement
41
What are 3 ways that bees can be exposed to pesiticides?
1. ) Direct contact during foliar application 2. ) Contact with residues on plant surfaces after application 3. ) Drift from the application into the hive entrance
42
What are some ways to minimize bee killing from insecticide poisoning?
1. ) Look for bee hazard icon on pesticide label 2. ) Do not apply insecticide to crops in bloom 3. ) Apply insecticides in the evening or at night when bees are not foraging 4. ) Do not allow pesticides to drift onto attractive habitat 5. ) Choose the least hazardous insecticide, formulation, and application method
43
What is a toxic tort?
A legal claim for harm caused by exposure to a dangerous substance - such as a pharmaceutical drug, pesticide, or chemical
44
What is an ecological niche?
A species function within its habitat
45
What is Negligence?
The legal term for any careless behavior that causes (or contributes to) an accident or injury
46
What are 3 things that need to be proven for a negligence claim?
1. ) The defendant had an obligation to act with reasonable care toward a certain person or the public 2. ) The defendant's action (or failure to act) did not meet this duty 3. ) The defendant's action (or failure to act) caused harm to the plaintiff
47
What is Lindane?
A neurotoxin that can cause seizures, damage to the nervous system, and weaken the immune system
48
What are some characteristics of a good law?
Clear and comprehensible, precise, consistent, equitable, enforceable, efficient, adjustable/flexible, includes consequences, constitutional
49
What are 2 compounds used for wildlife control?
M-44 and 1080
50
What is an externality?
Costs (or benefits) from an economic activity that effects someone other than those engaged in the economic activity
51
What are some of the purposes of laws?
Protection, remediation, compensation, enforcement, equitability
52
What are 5 causes for unintended consequences?
1. ) Limits to existing knowledge (impossible to anticipate everything) 2. ) Error (incomplete analysis of the problem) 3. ) Immediacy of interest 4. ) Basic Values 5. ) Self-defeating prophecy (a prediction of consequences may change consequences)
53
Define Population
A group of inter-breeding organisms of a particular species
54
Define Community
Populations of interacting species
55
Define Ecosystem
A system linking living and non-living components in an area
56
Define Landscape
A unit containing multiple ecosystems
57
Define Ecotoxicology
The study of the nature, effects, and interactions of substances that are harmful to the environment
58
What are some ways that lend to the circulation of contaminants within the biosphere?
Bioavailability, degradation processes, concentrations, chemical form
59
What are some ways that lend to the circulation of contaminants within the hydrosphere?
Diffusion, dispersion, bulk flow
60
What are 2 functions of wetlands?
1. ) Transform pollutants into less soluble forms that can be absorbed an inactivated by plants 2. ) Create a habitat for microorganisms that transform and break down contaminants
61
What is a constructed wetland?
A man-made wastewater treatment system that uses the natural processes of vegetation, microorganisms, and sunlight to filter out a variety of contaminants and improve water quality.
62
Why are clay liners often placed underneath wetlands?
To prevent any leaching of contaminants/nutrients into ground water.
63
Which property of a pesticide would make it more likely to move in surface water runoff?
Being highly soluble
64
Under which conditions are pesticides most likely to leach through soil?
Sandy soil, low in organic matter
65
What is an example of non-point-source contamination of groundwater?
Broadcasting pesticides along road sides, river edges, and cities.
66
What are 2 sources of water contamination by pesticides?
Runoff and erosion
67
When does offset migration occur?
When the printed outer surface of food packaging transfers chemicals to the inner food-contact surface
68
What is BPA?
A component of polycarbonate plastics; endocrine disrupter
69
What is Tritan?
A polymer that can replace traditional polycarbonate in clear, hard plastics used to make water bottles and baby bottles; free of estrogenic activity within the human body
70
What are biobased plastics?
Plastics derived from a renewable biomass source
71
What is the most common source of BPA in food-contact materials?
The metal can; the BPA-based epoxy resin linings serve to protect the container from corrosive elements of food and to protect the food from the can's metallic taste
72
What is isopropyl thioxantone used for?
Curing packaging inks
73
What are nurdles?
Plastic pellets used as a feedstock for producing plastic goods
74
What are microbeads?
Scrubbing agents used in personal care products

ET 410 (8 decks)

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