Exam 1 Flashcards
Bioaccumulation
The rate of intake exceeds the organisms ability to remove the substance from the body
Bioconcentration
The concentration of a chemical in an organism becomes higher than the concentration in the air or water surrounding that organism
Biomagnification
A chemical becomes increasingly concentrated as it makes its way up the food chain
What are the three sensitive substance groups?
Elderly, Infants, Immunocompromised
What is a dose?
A measured quantity of a toxic substance
What is an administered dose?
Amount present at an absorption barrier and available for absorption
What is an effective dose?
Dose of a substance that causes a defined magnitude of response in a given system
What is an exposure dose?
Amount of toxic substances available at exchange boundaries of an organism or organ
What is an internal (absorbed) dose?
Amount of substance taken up into tissues or organs
Types of Responses
- Immediate/Delayed
- Reversible/Irriversible
- Local/Systemic
5 factors that affect response
- ) Form and innate chemical activity
- ) Bioavailability
- ) Ability to be absorbed
- ) Distribution with the organism
- ) Excretion route
Dose-Response Relationship
Relationship between the amount of hazard that enters the body and the amount of harm that it causes
NOAEL
Highest dose data point at which there are no toxic or adverse effects
LOAEL
Lowest dose data point at which there is an observed toxic or adverse effect
What are the 4 interactions that effect response?
- ) Additivity
- ) Antagonism
- ) Potentiation
- ) Synergism
Biotransformation
Chemical conversion mediated by living organisms or enzymes derived from living organisms
Bioactivation
Metabolic conversion of a xenobiotic chemical to a more toxic chemical or derivative
What are 6 types of naturally occuring toxins?
Animal, microbial, algal, fungal, vegetable, elemental/mineral
What are Alkaloids?
Naturally occurring plant toxins that contain Nitrogen that impact the nervous system
What are the three exposure routes for Arsenic?
Air, Water, and Food
What are 2 exposure routes of Cadmium?
Inhalation and Ingestion
What causes “ouch ouch” disease?
Mining industry releases cadmium which runs off into the Jinzu River, the rice is irrigated with the river water, rice absorbs heavy metals (especially cadmium), people eat the rice
What does TPH stand for?
Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons
What are 3 ways that TPHs get released into the environment?
- ) Accidents
- ) From Industries
- ) Byproducts from commercial or private use
