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ET 410 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Bioaccumulation

A

The rate of intake exceeds the organisms ability to remove the substance from the body

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2
Q

Bioconcentration

A

The concentration of a chemical in an organism becomes higher than the concentration in the air or water surrounding that organism

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3
Q

Biomagnification

A

A chemical becomes increasingly concentrated as it makes its way up the food chain

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4
Q

What are the three sensitive substance groups?

A

Elderly, Infants, Immunocompromised

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5
Q

What is a dose?

A

A measured quantity of a toxic substance

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6
Q

What is an administered dose?

A

Amount present at an absorption barrier and available for absorption

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7
Q

What is an effective dose?

A

Dose of a substance that causes a defined magnitude of response in a given system

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8
Q

What is an exposure dose?

A

Amount of toxic substances available at exchange boundaries of an organism or organ

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9
Q

What is an internal (absorbed) dose?

A

Amount of substance taken up into tissues or organs

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10
Q

Types of Responses

A
  • Immediate/Delayed
  • Reversible/Irriversible
  • Local/Systemic
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11
Q

5 factors that affect response

A
  1. ) Form and innate chemical activity
  2. ) Bioavailability
  3. ) Ability to be absorbed
  4. ) Distribution with the organism
  5. ) Excretion route
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12
Q

Dose-Response Relationship

A

Relationship between the amount of hazard that enters the body and the amount of harm that it causes

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13
Q

NOAEL

A

Highest dose data point at which there are no toxic or adverse effects

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14
Q

LOAEL

A

Lowest dose data point at which there is an observed toxic or adverse effect

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15
Q

What are the 4 interactions that effect response?

A
  1. ) Additivity
  2. ) Antagonism
  3. ) Potentiation
  4. ) Synergism
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16
Q

Biotransformation

A

Chemical conversion mediated by living organisms or enzymes derived from living organisms

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17
Q

Bioactivation

A

Metabolic conversion of a xenobiotic chemical to a more toxic chemical or derivative

18
Q

What are 6 types of naturally occuring toxins?

A

Animal, microbial, algal, fungal, vegetable, elemental/mineral

19
Q

What are Alkaloids?

A

Naturally occurring plant toxins that contain Nitrogen that impact the nervous system

20
Q

What are the three exposure routes for Arsenic?

A

Air, Water, and Food

21
Q

What are 2 exposure routes of Cadmium?

A

Inhalation and Ingestion

22
Q

What causes “ouch ouch” disease?

A

Mining industry releases cadmium which runs off into the Jinzu River, the rice is irrigated with the river water, rice absorbs heavy metals (especially cadmium), people eat the rice

23
Q

What does TPH stand for?

A

Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons

24
Q

What are 3 ways that TPHs get released into the environment?

A
  1. ) Accidents
  2. ) From Industries
  3. ) Byproducts from commercial or private use
25
Q

What are some common sources of TPH exposure?

A
  • Light fraction in air
  • Gasoline fumes at gas pump
  • Oil on pavement
  • Occupational Exposures
  • Groundwater spills or LUSTS
26
Q

What is distillation?

A

Applying heat and pressure

27
Q

What is a petrochemical?

A

A chemical derived from petroleum or natural gas

28
Q

What are solvents?

A

Dissolve another substance or disperse one or more substances to form a solution

29
Q

What are some characteristics of organic solvents?

A
  • Lipophilic
  • No Net Charge
  • Volatile
  • Usually liquid
  • Relatively small molecules
30
Q

High molecular weight, High lipophility, Low volatility

A

Stable

31
Q

Low molecular weight, Low lipophility, High volatility

A

Unstable

32
Q

What does VOC stand for?

A

Volatile Organic Chemicals

33
Q

Sub-populations potentially sensitive to solvents

and gases: Group 1

A
  • Age-based
  • Sex-based
  • Genetically-based
34
Q

Sub-populations potentially sensitive to solvents

and gases: Group 2

A
  • Populations with repeated exposure
  • Level of physical activity
  • Diet
  • Existing Diseases
35
Q

What are two types of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons?

A

Biocides and POPs such as DDT

36
Q

What are 3 PAH origins?

A
  • Biogenic
  • Petrogenic
  • Pyrogenic
37
Q

What does CIPAH stand for?

A

Chlorinated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

38
Q

Define Bioavailability

A

The physical and/or biological state of a substance that renders it capable of being absorbed into the body

39
Q

Define Environmental Fate

A

Destiny of a chemical or biological pollutant after being released into the natural environment

40
Q

Define Remediation

A

Clean-up or other methods used to remove or contain a toxic spill or hazardous materials from a superfund site

ET 410 (8 decks)

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