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General Biology I > Lectures 9-12 (Exam 3) > Flashcards

Lectures 9-12 (Exam 3) Flashcards

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1
Q

Mitosis

A

How non-sex (somatic) cells are generated - identical to each other

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2
Q

Meiosis

A

How sex cells (gametes) are generated - not identical to each other

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3
Q

Unicellular organisms

A

Binary fission or meiosis

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4
Q

Multicellular organisms

A

Meiosis and mitosis

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5
Q

Chromatin

A

DNA and protein that condenses during cell division

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6
Q

Chromosome

A

1 DNA molecule

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7
Q

Somatic cells

A

Non-sex cells - 2 sets of chromosomes (diploid) - 46 chromosomes

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8
Q

Gamete

A

Sex cells (eggs/sperm) - 1 set of chromosomes (haploid) - 23 chromosomes

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9
Q

Centromere

A

Where the sister chromatids are held together

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10
Q

Dilpoid

A

Normal number of chromosomes in somatic cells (2)

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11
Q

Haploid

A

Normal number of chromosomes in gametes (1)

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12
Q

Interphase

A

Cellular contents double - cells spend most time here

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13
Q

Prophase

A

DNA highly condenses, mitotic spindles form from centrosomes

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14
Q

Prometaphase

A

Nucleus disappears, mitotic spindles extend across the cell - sister chromatids start attaching to mitotic spindles at kinetochores

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15
Q

Metaphase

A

All sister chromatids are attached to mitotic spindles and line up in middle of cell

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16
Q

Anaphase

A

Sister chromatids are pulled apart from one another

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17
Q

Cytokinesis and telophase

A

Nucleus re-forms, mitotic spindles disappear

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18
Q

Mitotic spindles

A

Microtubules (proteins) extended across cell - sister chromatids can attach to them

19
Q

Density - division signal

A

Dependent inhibition; crowded cells stop dividing - lost by cancer

20
Q

Anchorage dependence - division signal

A

Must be attached to a substrate in order to divide - lost by cancer

21
Q

Cancer cells

A

Cells that do not respond normally to the body’s control mechanisms - start out normal, undergo genetic mutations

22
Q

Tumor

A

Mass of abnormal growth cells

23
Q

Benign tumors

A

Remain at the original site but may disrupt organs if they grow

24
Q

Malignant tumors

A

Cancer - can spread to other location in a process called metastasis

25
Q

What can cancer therapies target?

A

Rapidly dividing cells - target the DNA (ionizing radiation/chemotherapy)

26
Q

Homologous pairs

A

Two chromosomes; one from mom and one from dad - produce different variations

27
Q

Autosomes

A

22 non-sex chromosomes

28
Q

Sex chromosomes

A

XX - female XY - male
X - bigger Y - smaller
eggs - always X
sperm - X or Y

29
Q

How many chromosomes do we get from each of our parents?

A

23

30
Q

Meiosis characteristics

A

DNA replication
2 rounds of cell division
4 daughter cells

31
Q

Major sources of genetic information

A

Chromosomal arraignment during metaphase 1
Crossing over
Joining of gametes (random fertilization)

32
Q

Nondisjunction

A

Failure of chromosomes or chromatids to separate normally during meiosis - fertilization after nondisjunction yields zygotes with altered #s of chromosomes

33
Q

Down syndrome

A

Example of nondisjunction - total chromosomes: 47, extra 21st chromosome

34
Q

Triploid syndrome

A

Example of nondisjunction - one extra of each chromosome (3 of each) - total chromosomes: 69 - will either result in miscarriage or death within first year

35
Q

Kleinfelter’s syndrome

A

Example of nondisjunction - XXY - both male and female

36
Q

Mendel

A

Pea plants - controlled mating to see what traits would be passed to offspring. Saw that parents would breed (PxW), produced 100% P, bred the offspring, they produced 3/4 P, 1/4 W… etc.

37
Q

How did Mendel do his research?

A

Cut off stamens of one true-breeding variety, introduced pollen of another true-breeding variety to create self-fertilization between the plants

38
Q

Mendel’s laws

A

Law of segregation - Punnett square
Law of independent assortment

39
Q

Pleitropy

A

Most genes affect more than one trait (ex. sickle-cell anemia)

40
Q

Epistasis

A

A gene at one locus alters the phenotypic expression of a gene at a second locus

41
Q

Recessively inherited diseases - RIDs

A

Sickle-cell anemia, Huntington’s disease, Cystic fibrosis

42
Q

Nuclear transplantation

A

Nucleus of an egg cell is replaced by the nucleus of an adult somatic cell

43
Q

Steps of nuclear transplantation

A
  1. The nucleus is removed from an egg cell
  2. A somatic cell from an adult donor is added
  3. The cell grows in culture to produce a blastocyst
  4. The blastocyst is implanted in a surrogate mother
  5. A clone of the donor is born
44
Q

Embryonic stem cells vs. adult stem cells

A

Embryonic: can differentiate into any other cell type
Adult: can only differentiate into blood cells

General Biology I (5 decks)

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