Lectures 5-8 (Exam 2)

Question 1

Head of the membrane

Answer 1

Made of glycerol, phosphate, and choline
Are hydrophilic (like H2O)

Question 2

Tail of the membrane

Answer 2

Made of hydrocarbons
Hydrophobic (do not like H2O)

Question 3

What are membranes made out of?

Answer 3

Proteins and lipids

Question 4

Are membranes fluid?

Answer 4

Yes - so that proteins can move around

Question 5

Temperature and cholesterol relationship in membrane

Answer 5

Decreased temperature, decreased cholesterol. Increased temperature, increased cholesterol

Question 6

Diffusion

Answer 6

Tendency for molecules to spread out evenly into available space

Question 7

Osmosis

Answer 7

How water moves (diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane) –> H2O MOVES TOWARDS HIGHER SOLUTE

Question 8

Hypotonic

Answer 8

Solute concentration is less than that inside the cell, H2O moves in - cells expand (what happens if you put water in someone’s IV)

Question 9

Isotonic

Answer 9

Solute concentration is equal inside and outside of cell - normal

Question 10

Hypertonic

Answer 10

Solute concentration is more than that inside the cell, H2O moves out - cells shrivel (what happens if you drink salt water)

Question 11

What is able to easily pass through the membrane?

Answer 11

Small molecules like O2 and CO2

Question 12

What is not able to easily pass through the membrane?

Answer 12

Bigger molecules like sugars and H2O - must go through channel to pass through cell

Question 13

Transport proteins

Answer 13

Allow bigger molecules to pass through membrane through aquaporins

Question 14

Passive transport

Answer 14

Does not require energy from the cell - moves molecules from high to low concentration - diffusion, osmosis, facilitated transport

Question 15

Active transport

Answer 15

Does require energy from the cell - moves molecules from low to high concentration - exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, phinocytosis

Question 16

Exocytosis

Answer 16

Molecules are pushed out of cell - bulk transport

Question 17

Endocytosis

Answer 17

Molecules are moved into cell - bulk transport

Question 18

Phagocytosis

Answer 18

Cell engulfs a particle in a vacuole - big objects

Question 19

Pinocytosis

Answer 19

Molecules are taken up when extracellular fluid if “gulped” - tiny objects

Question 20

Metabolism

Answer 20

Totality of an organism’s chemical reactions

Question 21

Metabolic pathways

Answer 21

Begin with a specific molecule and end with a product

Question 22

Catabolic pathways

Answer 22

Big molecules –> small molecules
Energy ENTERS
ex. cellular respiration

Question 23

Anabolic pathways

Answer 23

Small molecules –> big molecules
Energy LEAVES
ex. photosynthesis

Question 24

Why do enzymes in one place not work in another?

Answer 24

Because there are different pH levels throughout the body and certain enzymes are meant to live in a certain pH - form fits function!

Question 25

Competitive inhibitor

Answer 25

Competes with substrate to bind to enzyme

Question 26

Noncompetitive inhibitor

Answer 26

Does not compete with substrate but still binds at other place (not at active site)

Question 27

Active site

Answer 27

The part of the enzyme that the substrate binds to

Question 28

Co-enzymes/co-factors

Answer 28

Non-protein enzyme helpers

Question 29

Cellular respiration

Answer 29

C6H12O6 + O2 --> 36 ATP and heat + CO2 + H2O

Question 30

Oxidation

Answer 30

Loss of electrons

Question 31

Oxidated compound in cellular respiration

Answer 31

GLUCOSE

Question 32

Reduction

Answer 32

Addition of electrons

Question 33

Reduced compound in cellular respiration

Answer 33

OXYGEN

Question 34

Lactic acid fermentation

Answer 34

Uses pryuvate - how vinegar is made

Question 35

Alcohol fermentation

Answer 35

Further breaks down pryuvate - how ethanol is made

Question 36

Fermentation

Answer 36

No oxygen needed - 2 ATP needed... glycolysis, substrate level phosphorylation

Question 37

What would happen if you allowed oxygen to disrupt the fermentation process?

Answer 37

It would undergo other chemical reactions because it can now use oxygen

Question 38

Terminal electron receptor for cellular respiration

Answer 38

Oxygen

Question 39

Electron carrier

Answer 39

NAD, NADP, FAD

Question 40

Two ways ATP can be made

Answer 40

Substrate level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation

Question 41

Steps in cellular respiration

Answer 41

Glycolysis Citric acid cycle Electron transport chain

Question 42

Glycolysis

Answer 42

Where: cytoplasm Brings in: glucose Takes out: 2 ATP, e- Type of ATP: substrate level phosphorylation

Question 43

Citric acid cycle

Answer 43

Where: mitochondria Brings in: pyruvate Takes out: CO2, 2 ATP, e- Type of ATP: substrate level phosphorylation

Question 44

Electron transport chain

Answer 44

Where: mitochondria Brings in: e- Takes out: ATP and H2O Type of ATP: oxidative phosphorylation

Question 45

ATP synthase

Answer 45

Sits in membrane of mitochondria, electrons flow over it, ATP is made

Question 46

Photosynthesis

Answer 46

CO2 + H2O + Light energy --> C6H12O6 + O2

Question 47

Oxidated compound in photosynthesis

Answer 47

H2O

Question 48

Reduced compound in photosynthesis

Answer 48

CO2

Question 49

Light reactions

Answer 49

Where: thylakoids Goes in: light reactions, H2O Leaves: O2, e-, ATP

Question 50

Dark reactions (Calvin cycle)

Answer 50

Where: stroma Goes in: CO2, e-, ATP Leaves: C6H12O6 - carbs

Question 51

Where does the oxidation of water occur in photosynthesis?

Answer 51

Photosystem II

Question 52

Photosystem II

Answer 52

Functions first, absorbs wavelength of 680nm, oxidizes water

Question 53

Photosystem I

Answer 53

Functions second, re-energizes water by light to be carried off to Calvin cycle

Question 54

Rubisco

Answer 54

Takes CO2 and turns it into organic carbon molecules ("fixes" carbon) - allows carbon to be used by other forms of life

Question 55

What are the sugars made from the Calvin cycle responsible for?

Answer 55

The cellular respiration in plants, as well as cellulose and starch

Question 56

Mesophyll

Answer 56

Internal tissue of a lead - abundant in green leafy part

Question 57

Stromata vs. stroma

Answer 57

Stromata: pores Stroma: fluid

Question 58

Haiku

Answer 58

Five syllables first Seven in the second line Five in the last one