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General Biology I > Lectures 5-8 (Exam 2) > Flashcards

Lectures 5-8 (Exam 2) Flashcards

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1
Q

Head of the membrane

A

Made of glycerol, phosphate, and choline
Are hydrophilic (like H2O)

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2
Q

Tail of the membrane

A

Made of hydrocarbons
Hydrophobic (do not like H2O)

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3
Q

What are membranes made out of?

A

Proteins and lipids

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4
Q

Are membranes fluid?

A

Yes - so that proteins can move around

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5
Q

Temperature and cholesterol relationship in membrane

A

Decreased temperature, decreased cholesterol. Increased temperature, increased cholesterol

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6
Q

Diffusion

A

Tendency for molecules to spread out evenly into available space

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7
Q

Osmosis

A

How water moves (diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane) –> H2O MOVES TOWARDS HIGHER SOLUTE

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8
Q

Hypotonic

A

Solute concentration is less than that inside the cell, H2O moves in - cells expand (what happens if you put water in someone’s IV)

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9
Q

Isotonic

A

Solute concentration is equal inside and outside of cell - normal

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10
Q

Hypertonic

A

Solute concentration is more than that inside the cell, H2O moves out - cells shrivel (what happens if you drink salt water)

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11
Q

What is able to easily pass through the membrane?

A

Small molecules like O2 and CO2

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12
Q

What is not able to easily pass through the membrane?

A

Bigger molecules like sugars and H2O - must go through channel to pass through cell

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13
Q

Transport proteins

A

Allow bigger molecules to pass through membrane through aquaporins

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14
Q

Passive transport

A

Does not require energy from the cell - moves molecules from high to low concentration - diffusion, osmosis, facilitated transport

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15
Q

Active transport

A

Does require energy from the cell - moves molecules from low to high concentration - exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, phinocytosis

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16
Q

Exocytosis

A

Molecules are pushed out of cell - bulk transport

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17
Q

Endocytosis

A

Molecules are moved into cell - bulk transport

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18
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Cell engulfs a particle in a vacuole - big objects

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19
Q

Pinocytosis

A

Molecules are taken up when extracellular fluid if “gulped” - tiny objects

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20
Q

Metabolism

A

Totality of an organism’s chemical reactions

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21
Q

Metabolic pathways

A

Begin with a specific molecule and end with a product

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22
Q

Catabolic pathways

A

Big molecules –> small molecules
Energy ENTERS
ex. cellular respiration

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23
Q

Anabolic pathways

A

Small molecules –> big molecules
Energy LEAVES
ex. photosynthesis

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24
Q

Why do enzymes in one place not work in another?

A

Because there are different pH levels throughout the body and certain enzymes are meant to live in a certain pH - form fits function!

25
Q

Competitive inhibitor

A

Competes with substrate to bind to enzyme

26
Q

Noncompetitive inhibitor

A

Does not compete with substrate but still binds at other place (not at active site)

27
Q

Active site

A

The part of the enzyme that the substrate binds to

28
Q

Co-enzymes/co-factors

A

Non-protein enzyme helpers

29
Q

Cellular respiration

A

C6H12O6 + O2 –> 36 ATP and heat + CO2 + H2O

30
Q

Oxidation

A

Loss of electrons

31
Q

Oxidated compound in cellular respiration

A

GLUCOSE

32
Q

Reduction

A

Addition of electrons

33
Q

Reduced compound in cellular respiration

A

OXYGEN

34
Q

Lactic acid fermentation

A

Uses pryuvate - how vinegar is made

35
Q

Alcohol fermentation

A

Further breaks down pryuvate - how ethanol is made

36
Q

Fermentation

A

No oxygen needed - 2 ATP needed… glycolysis, substrate level phosphorylation

37
Q

What would happen if you allowed oxygen to disrupt the fermentation process?

A

It would undergo other chemical reactions because it can now use oxygen

38
Q

Terminal electron receptor for cellular respiration

A

Oxygen

39
Q

Electron carrier

A

NAD, NADP, FAD

40
Q

Two ways ATP can be made

A

Substrate level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation

41
Q

Steps in cellular respiration

A

Glycolysis
Citric acid cycle
Electron transport chain

42
Q

Glycolysis

A

Where: cytoplasm
Brings in: glucose
Takes out: 2 ATP, e-
Type of ATP: substrate level phosphorylation

43
Q

Citric acid cycle

A

Where: mitochondria
Brings in: pyruvate
Takes out: CO2, 2 ATP, e-
Type of ATP: substrate level phosphorylation

44
Q

Electron transport chain

A

Where: mitochondria
Brings in: e-
Takes out: ATP and H2O
Type of ATP: oxidative phosphorylation

45
Q

ATP synthase

A

Sits in membrane of mitochondria, electrons flow over it, ATP is made

46
Q

Photosynthesis

A

CO2 + H2O + Light energy –> C6H12O6 + O2

47
Q

Oxidated compound in photosynthesis

A

H2O

48
Q

Reduced compound in photosynthesis

A

CO2

49
Q

Light reactions

A

Where: thylakoids
Goes in: light reactions, H2O
Leaves: O2, e-, ATP

50
Q

Dark reactions (Calvin cycle)

A

Where: stroma
Goes in: CO2, e-, ATP
Leaves: C6H12O6 - carbs

51
Q

Where does the oxidation of water occur in photosynthesis?

A

Photosystem II

52
Q

Photosystem II

A

Functions first, absorbs wavelength of 680nm, oxidizes water

53
Q

Photosystem I

A

Functions second, re-energizes water by light to be carried off to Calvin cycle

54
Q

Rubisco

A

Takes CO2 and turns it into organic carbon molecules (“fixes” carbon) - allows carbon to be used by other forms of life

55
Q

What are the sugars made from the Calvin cycle responsible for?

A

The cellular respiration in plants, as well as cellulose and starch

56
Q

Mesophyll

A

Internal tissue of a lead - abundant in green leafy part

57
Q

Stromata vs. stroma

A

Stromata: pores
Stroma: fluid

58
Q

Haiku

A

Five syllables first
Seven in the second line
Five in the last one

General Biology I (5 decks)

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