Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

General Biology I > Lectures 13-15 (Exam 4) > Flashcards

Lectures 13-15 (Exam 4) Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

DNA

A

Two strands (double helix) held together by nitrogenous bases (A, T, G, C), backbone made of sugar and phosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Amino acids basic chemistry

A

R <– sulfur atom
|
Na - C - COOH
|
H

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Griffith experiment

A

In 1928, Fredrick Griffith worked with two strands of a bacterium, one pathogenic (harmful) and one harmless. Mixed heat-killed remains of the pathogenic strain with living cells of the harmless strain, some living cells became pathogenic - “transformation”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Griffith experiment results

A

Living S cells - mouse died
Living R cells - mouse healthy
Heat-killed S cells - mouse healthy
Mixture of heat-killed S cells and living R cells - mouse died

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Avery, McCarthy, and MacLeod

A

1944 - announced that the transforming substance (from Griffith experiment) was DNA

Experiment: DNA worked in transforming harmless bacteria into pathogenic bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Phage

A

Protein device (outer shell of the phage) that carries DNA (inside the phage) - perfect for determining if genetic material was DNA or protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Hershey-Chase experiment

A

1952 - performed experiments showing that DNA is the genetic material of a phage known as T2

Designed an experiment showing that only one of the two components of T2 (DNA or protein) enters an E. coli cell during infection - concluded that the injected DNA of the phage provides the genetic information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Rosalind Franklin

A

The woman to actually discover the structure of DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

DNA strands are ____

A

Antiparallel

Ex.
strand one: phosphate-sugar-G-C-sugar-phosphate
strand two: phosphate-sugar-C-G-sugar-phosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Transformation

A

Moving DNA into an organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

E. coli cell division

A

Binary fission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

E. coli is sensitive to ____

A

Ampicillin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

P.C.R. steps

A

Step 1: Denaturation - heat is applied to the template to separate double-stranded DNA into two single strands - 94 degrees C
Step 2: Annealing - the temperature decreases to that primers can anneal to complementary sequences on the DNA strands - 52 degrees C
Step 3: Extension - taq polymerase binds to each PCR primers and begins adding nucleotides; two copies of original strand is produced - 72 degrees C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

STRs

A

Short Tandem Repeats - same region repeated # of times (differs between people)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

DNA synthesis

A

Goes from 5 prime to 3 prime always

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Origin of replication

A

Place where DNA synthesis begins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Helicase

A

Untwists DNA; creates single stranded DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Topoisomerase

A

Cuts knot, releases tension in DNA - corrects DNA ‘overwinding’ cause by helise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Primase

A

Lays down short RNA primers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

DNA polymerase

A

Synthesizes the new DNA; uses template strand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

DNA ligase

A

Joins DNA fragments; DNA glue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Things needed for PCR

A

Template DNA
Nucleotides
DNA polymerase - Taq pol
Primers
Buffer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How DNA is turned into protein - central dogma of biology

A

DNA
v
mRNA
v
Protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How DNA is turned into mRNA

A

Transcription

25
Q

How mRNA is turned into protein

A

Translation

26
Q

Where transcription and translation occurs in prokaryotic cells

A

Cytoplasm

27
Q

Where transcription occurs in eukaryotic cells

A

Nucleus - nucleolus

28
Q

Where translation occurs in eukaryotic cells

A

Cytoplasm or rough ER

29
Q

Transcription takes DNA and creates ____

A

mRNA

30
Q

Translation takes up mRNA and creates ____

A

Protein

31
Q

DNA

A

Double stranded, deoxyribose, A, T, G, C

32
Q

RNA

A

Single stranded, ribose, A, U, G, C

33
Q

All of life uses the same ____

A

Genetic code

34
Q

Stages of transcription

A
  1. Initiation
  2. Elongation
  3. Termination
35
Q

Introns

A

Noncoding regions - removed during RNA splicing

36
Q

Exons

A

Eventually expressed, usually translated into amino acid sequences - joined together during RNA splicing

37
Q

Alternative RNA splicing

A

One gene can join exons in different ways
Ex. 1,2,3 , 1,2 , 1,3 , 2,3

38
Q

tRNA

A

Transfer amino acids to the growing polypeptide in a ribosome

39
Q

Accurate translation steps

A
  1. A correct match between a tRNA and an amino acid (aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase)
  2. A correct match between the tRNA anticodon and an mRNA codon
40
Q

Wobble

A

Flexible pairing at the third base of a codon - second step of translation - allows some tRNAs to bind to more than one codon

41
Q

rRNA

A

Ribosomal RNA, the two ribosomal subunits of a ribosome (small and large)

42
Q

rRNA binding sites for tRNA

A

P site - holds the tRNA that carries the growing polypeptide chain
A site - holds the tRNA that carries the next amino acid to be added to the chain
E site - the exit site, where discharged tRNAs leave the ribosome

43
Q

Okazaki fragments

A

Fragments from the lagging strand of DNA synthesis - eventually linked together by ligase

44
Q

What is the first amino acid laid down in every protein made?

A

Methyanine

45
Q

How does a ribosome know when to stop translation?

A

When there is a stop codon

46
Q

How does transcription start/stop?

A

Starts: RNA pol binds to DNA template strand - promoter
Stop: RNA pol releases DNA template strand - terminator

47
Q

How does translation start/stop?

A

Start and stop codons - AUG is start, UAA, UAG, or UGA is stop

48
Q

Operon

A

Entire stretch of DNA that includes the operator, the promoter, and the genes they control

49
Q

Operator

A

The regulatory “switch” - is a segment of DNA usually positioned within the promotor

50
Q

Promoter

A

A nucleotide sequence that enables a gene to be transcribed

51
Q

Operon can be switched off by a ____

A

Protein repressor

52
Q

Protein repressor

A

Stops gene transcription by binding to operator - stops RNA polymerase

53
Q

Trp operon

A

E. coli can synthesis the amino acid tryptophan - expressed when tryptophan levels are low, turned off when tryptophan levels are high

54
Q

Repressible operon

A

Usually on - binding of a repressor to the operator shuts off transcription

Trp operon

55
Q

Lac operon

A

Contains genes that code for enzymes used in the hydrolysis and metabolism of lactose

56
Q

Inducible operon

A

Usually off - molecule called inducer inactivates the repressor and turns on transcription

Lac operon

57
Q

Micro RNAs

A

Controls gene expression by binding with mRNA

58
Q

RNA interference

A

Stop protein translation by binding to mRNAs

General Biology I (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions