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General Biology I > Lectures 1-4 (Exam 1) > Flashcards

Lectures 1-4 (Exam 1) Flashcards

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1
Q

Hypothesis

A

An answer to a question - testable

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2
Q

Seven characteristics of life

A
  1. Order (structure)
  2. Reproduction (offspring)
  3. Growth (size) and development (complexity)
  4. Energy utilization (metabolism)
  5. Responds to environment (irritability)
  6. Homeostasis (normality)
  7. Evolutionary adaptation (species change)
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3
Q

Cells

A

Have membranes and DNA

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4
Q

2 types of cell

A

Prokaryotic: small, lack membrane enclosed structures (bacteria, archaea)
Eukaryotic: big, have membrane enclosed structures (animal/plant cells, fungi, protists)

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5
Q

Five themes to life

A

Order
Energy and matter
Information
Interactions
Evolution

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6
Q

Three domains of life

A
  1. Bacteria
  2. Archaea
    Prokaryotic
  3. Eukarya
    Eukaryotic
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7
Q

How eukaryotic organisms get energy

A

Animals - eating (mouth and anus)
Plants (photosynthesis)
Fungi (absorption)
Protists (no distinct domain)

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8
Q

How many essential elements in life?

A

25

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9
Q

Primary elements (COHN)

A

4 - Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen

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10
Q

Trace elements

A

Minerals that make up rest of body - are essential but only needed in minute quantities

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11
Q

Is water polar?

A

YES - it has one positive side (H) and one negative side (H)

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12
Q

pH scale

A

Lower concentration, more acidic; higher concentration, less acidic. Log scale (ex. pH of 7 to pH of 11: 10,000 fold)

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13
Q

Six groups most important to chemistry of life

A

Hydroxyl
Carbonyl
Carboxyl
Amino
Sulfhydryl
Phosphate
Methyl (recognizable tag - CH3)

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14
Q

ATP

A

Adenosine triphosphate (phosphate group). Primary energy - transferring molecule in the cell

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15
Q

4 classes of macromolecules

A

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids

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16
Q

Dehydration reaction

A

“Condensation” small molecules –> big molecules (water releases)

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17
Q

Hydrolysis reaction

A

Big molecules –> small molecules (water breaks bonds apart)

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18
Q

Carbohydrates

A

sugars and polymers (CH2O)

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19
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Simple sugar building blocks (simple - one monomer) - glucose, fructose

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20
Q

Disaccharides

A

Two monosaccharides (simple - two monomers) - sucrose, lactose

21
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Many sugar building blocks - complex (>10 monomers)

22
Q

What kind of reaction bonds saccharides?

A

Dehydration

23
Q

Glycosidic linkage

A

Covalent bond between monosaccharides

24
Q

Starch

A

Made of glucose - how plants like to store excess sugars. Straight

25
Q

Glycogen

A

Made of glucose - how animal like to store excess sugars. Branched

26
Q

Cellulose

A

Made of glucose - structural polysaccharide (gives plants structure). Most abundant biomolecule

27
Q

Chitin

A

Exoskeleton of arthropods (cicada shells) - structural support for fungi

28
Q

Lipids

A

Hydrocarbons, good at storing energy

29
Q

Saturated fats

A

Saturated with hydrogen - no double bonds, maximum number of hydrogen atoms. Relatively straight, form solids, animal products

30
Q

Unsaturated fats

A

Not saturated with hydrogen - double bonds, limited number of hydrogen atoms. Relatively bent, liquid, plant products

31
Q

Trans fats

A

Created via hydrogenations )moves hydrogen atom around, making unsaturated fat bond straight)

32
Q

Purposes of fats

A
  1. Energy storage
  2. Protect vital organs
  3. Helps keep us insulated
33
Q

Steroids

A

Four carbon fused rings - estrogen or testosterone (hormonal steroids). Cholesterol

34
Q

Proteins

A

Account for more than 50% of dry mass in most cells - made up of 20 essential amino acids

35
Q

Amino acids

A

Linked by peptide bonds

36
Q

Proteins _____ dictates its _____

A

Structure, function

37
Q

Protein structures

A
  1. Primary: order of amino acids
  2. Secondary: common folds (helix, beta sheet)
  3. Tertiary: 3D shape of polypeptide
  4. Quaternary: multiple polypeptide subunits
38
Q

Denatured

A

When proteins lose their shape - become inactive

39
Q

Prions

A

Infectious proteins

40
Q

DNA

A

Sugar: deoxyribose
Bases: A, T, G, C
Structure: double helix

41
Q

RNA

A

Sugar: ribose
Bases: A, U, G, C
Structure: single stranded

42
Q

A and G

A

Purines

43
Q

C, T, U

A

Pyrimidines

44
Q

Prokaryotic cells

A

Small, lack internal membrane enclosed organelles

45
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A

Big, have internal membrane enclosed structures

46
Q

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

A

Cytoplasm, DNA, membranes, ribosomes

47
Q

Cytoskeleton

A
48
Q

Chloroplast

A

General Biology I (5 decks)

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