BIO FINAL Flashcards by Maddie Hesser

Which of the following attributes is common to both prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells?

The use of DNA as the information storage molecule

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In order for a hypothesis to be able to be used in science, which of the following must be true?

It is testable

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The type of bonding and the number of covalent bonds an atom can form with other atoms is determined by

The number of unpaired electrons in the valence shell

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Water is polar because

The unequal sharing of electrons gives the water molecule a slight negative charge near its oxygen atom and a slight positive charge near its hydrogen atom

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A glucose molecule is to a starch as

A nucleotide is to a nucleic acid

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Which of the following is false regarding the R group of amino acids?

They don’t contribute much to protein structure or function

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The energy storage form of carbohydrates is ____ in animals and ____ in plants

Glycogen; starch

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Which of the following is considered an “informational macromolecule”?

DNA

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The reaction that links monomers of glucose together to make maltose is called

Dehydration

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When a protein becomes unfolded, losing its 3D structure, it is considered

Denatured

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All of the following are potential functions of proteins except

Stores hereditary information

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The proper physical orientation of the cell membrane bilayer is due to the presence of

The hydrophobic and hydrophilic ends of the phospholipids within the membrane

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What is the structure shown in the figure below?

*four hexagon structure with HO, CH3, and OH. (estrogen)

Steroid molecule

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Which statement correctly describes a difference between DNA and RNA?

DNA contains thymine, RNA contains uracil

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What is a tricylglycerol?

A lipid made of three fatty acids and a glycerol

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If a DNA sample were composed of 10% thymine, what would be the percentage of guanine?

40%

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Asbestos is a material that was once used extensively in construction. One risk from working in a building that contains exposed asbestos is the development of asbestosis caused by the inhalation of asbestos fibers. Cells with phagocytize asbestos, but are not able to degrade it. As a result, asbestos fibers accumulate in the

Lysosomes

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What structure is necessary in the formation of a cell

Membrane

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Which process would be most effective at preventing evolutionary change in a population of bacteria?

Perfectly accurate copying of DNA

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It is hypothesized that mitochondria in eukaryotic cells evolved by endosymbiosis, when a larger cell ingested a smaller cell. If you were examining eukaryotic cells using a high-powered microscope, what evidence would you look for that would best support this hypothesis?

Two membranes around each mitochondrion

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In looking at prepared slides from pond water using a microscope, you see a unicellular organism that has genetic material but no nucleus. Which group could this organism possibly belong to?

Bacteria

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Genes are

Sequences of DNA that code for proteins

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Which trait or function is the same in muscle cells and brain cells?

Genome

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Proteins that are transported in vesicles destined to be exported from a cell are first synthesized by

Ribosomes on the rough endoplasmic reticulum

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Surface tension and cohesion occur in pure water because water

Forms intermolecular hydrogen bonds

Which has the greatest concentration of free hydrogen atoms?

Cola at pH 3

The rough ER is the portion of the ER that

Has ribosomes attached to it

An amoeba is moving along the bottom of a culture dish, constantly changing its shape. This change in shape is due primarily to changes in the ____ of the amoeba

Cytoskeleton

Most cells are small because

A larger surface area-to-volume ratio increases the efficiency of transporting substance inside and outside the cell

The DNA of mitochondria

Is used to make proteins needed for mitochondrial function

Lipids, such as fatty acids and phospholipids, are synthesized in

The smooth ER

Unsaturated fatty acids do not pack together because of the ____ in their hydrocarbon chains

Double bonds

You have isolated an unidentified liquid from a sample of beans. You add the liquid to a beaker of water and shake vigorously. After a few minutes, the water and the other liquid separate into two layers. To which class of biological molecules does the unknown liquid most likely belong?

Lipids

About 25 of the 92 natural elements are knows to be essential to life. Which four of these 25 make up approximately 96% of living matter?

Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen (COHN)

Which of the following most accurately describes a catabolic metabolic pathway?

A pathway that breaks down large reactants into small products resulting in the release of energy

Enzymes increase the rate of a reaction by _____

Decreasing activation energy

Cyanide binds with at least one molecule involved in producing ATP. If a cell is exposed to cyanide, most of the cyanide will be found within the

Mitochondria

Which curve(s) on the graphs to the right may represent the temperature and pH profile of an enzyme taken from a bacterium that lives in a mildly alkaline (basic) hot springs temperatures of 70 degrees C or higher?

Curves 3 and 5

Most of a cell's enzymes are:

Proteins

The active site of an enzyme is:

The region of an enzyme that attaches to a substrate

Which of the following statements regarding enzymes is true?

Enzymes catalyze specific reactions

Which of the following statements regarding the movement of electrons during cellular respiration is true?

O2 is reduced when it accepts electrons and forms water

Which of the following metabolic pathways is used in both aerobic (with oxygen) and anaerobic (without oxygen) metabolism?

Glycolysis

Which of the following is a result of glycolysis?

Conversion of glucose to two pyruvate molecules

Rotenone is a poison commonly added to insecticides. Rotenone binds tightly with one of the electron carrier molecules in the electron transport chain, preventing electrons from passing to the next carrier molecule. Insects exposed to rotenone will die because

They will no longer be able to produce adequate amounts of ATP

Which of the following processes produces the most ATP per molecule of glucose?

Cellular respiration

In most green plants, chloroplasts are

Concentrated in a zone of leaf tissue called the mesophyll

CO2 enters and O2 escapes from a leaf via

Stomata

Which of the following are produce during the light reactions of photosynthesis?

ATP, NADPH, O2

Of the following wavelengths of light, which one contributes least to photosynthesis?

Green

What must pyruvate be converted to before it can enter the citric acid cycle?

Acetyl CoA

Where/how is oxygen generated during photosynthesis?

By H2O being split by photosystem II in the thylakoid

You've been framed for a crime you did commit and end up in prison. There, for survival purposes you need to apply your knowledge of metabolism to make "prison hooch" (aka wine) in your cell toilet using grape juice you collected from the cafeteria. You've added yeast to a sweet grape juice mixture and have allowed the yeast to grow. After several days, the sugar levels in the grape juice have dropped, but there's no alcohol in the mixture. The most likely explanation is that ____.

The mixture needs less oxygen; yeast only produces alcohol in the absence of oxygen

The process of fermentation produces a maximum of ____ ATP per glucose

How does inhibition of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction by a competitive inhibitor differ from a noncompetitive inhibitor?

Competitive inhibitors bind to the active site of the enzyme; noncompetitive inhibitors bind to a different site

Which of the following substances could be a cofactor needed for enzyme activity?

An iron atom

In a plant cell, where are the ATP synthase complexes located?

Thylakoid membrane and inner mitochondrial membrane

Regarding membrane transport, which of the following requires ATP?

Active transport

The components of biological membranes are

Lipids and proteins

All cellular membranes

Regulate which materials can cross the membrane

If a cell is bathed in an extracellular solution high in calcium ions, it would use ____ to maintain a normal, low intracellular concentration of calcium ions.

Active transport against the concentration gradient in Ca2+

Cells secrete materials to the exterior environment through the process of

Exocytosis

Ibuprofen is a small molecule often used to relieve pain and inflammation. How does it function?

It is a non-competitive inhibitor that binds to the substrate of where an injury/inflammation occurs

Why does your body need vitamins and minerals? What is their role in metabolism?

They act as co-factors, allowing enzymes to do their jobs

During photosynthesis, where do electrons that are passed from photosystem II to the electron transport chain originate from?

H2O

Write the reaction for photosynthesis. Indicate what reactant is being oxidized and what reactant is being reduced

CO2+H2O+Light --> C6H12O6+O2 CO2 = reduced H2O = oxidized

Write the reaction for cellular respiration. Indicate what reactant is being oxidized and what reactant is being reduced

C6H12O6+O2 --> CO2+H2O+36 ATP and heat C6H12O6 = oxidized O2 = reduced

Regarding photosynthesis, light reactions occur in the ____ of the chloroplast, while the Calvin Cycle occurs in the ____

Thylakoids; stroma

One of the most important properties about photosynthesis is its ability to turn inorganic carbon (CO2) into organic carbon (sugars). What enzyme is responsible for this process?

Rubisco

What is the mechanism that generates ATP during glycolysis and the citric acid cycle?

Substrate level phosphorylation

What is the mechanism that generates ATP during the electron transport chain?

Oxidative phosphorylation

Marfan syndrome in humans is caused by an abnormality of the connective tissue protein fibrillin that is a result of a single gene mutation. Patients are usually very tall and thin, with long spindly fingers, curvature of the spine, sometimes weakened arterial walls, and sometimes ocular problems, such as lens dislocation. Which of the following would you conclude about Marfan syndrome from this information?

It is pleiotropic - single gene affects more than one trait

Radish flowers may be red, purple, or white. A cross between a red-flowered plant and a white-flowered plant yields all-purple offspring. The part of the radish we eat may be oval or long, with long being the dominant trait. If true-breeding red long radishes are crossed with true-breeding white oval radishes, the F1 will be expected to be which of the following?

Purple and long

Hydrangea plants of the same genotype are planted in a large flower garden. Some of the plants produce blue flowers and other pink flowers. This can be best explained by which of the following?

Environmental factors such as soil pH

Gray seed color in peas is dominant to white. Assume that Mendel conducted a series of experiments where plants with gray seeds were crossed among themselves, and the following progeny were produced: 302 gray and 98 white. a) what is the most probable genotype of each parent? b) based on your answer in a) above, what genotypic and phenotypic ratios are expected in these progeny?

a) Gg x Gg; b) genotypic = 1:2:1, phenotypic = 3:1

A man who carries an allele of an X-linked gene will pass it on to ____

All of his daughters

Albinism is an autosomal (not sex-linked) recessive trait. A man and woman are both of normal pigmentation, but both have one parent who is albino (without melanin pigmentation). What is the probability that their first child will be an albino?

1/4

While working at a genetic testing lab you are asked to analyze karyotypes of fetuses from mothers that have elected to have a complete genetic testing profile. In looking at karyotype below, which of the following options would describe potential conditions the fetus would develop?

It would be a boy with Downs Syndrome Pictured: X and Y chromosome, extra 21st chromosome

Eukaryotic cells spend most of their cell cycle in which phase?

Interphase

Meiosis typically produces ____ cells, each of which is ____

four....haploid

Taxol is an anticancer drug extracted from the Pacific yew tree. In animal cells, Taxol disrupts the formation of protein polymers called microtubule by binding to microtubules and accelerating their assembly from the protein precursor, tubulin. Surprisingly, this stops mitosis. Specifically, Taxol must affect:

Formation of the mitotic spindle

Which of the following is true of benign tumors, but not malignant tumors?

They remain confined to their original site

A research team began a study of a cultured cell line. Their preliminary observations showed them that the cell line did not exhibit either density-dependent inhibition or anchorage dependence. What could they conclude right away?

They are characteristics of tumor cells

The major drawback of asexual reproduction is that it

Produces less variation among offspring compared to sexual reproduction

In garden peas, the allele for tall plants is dominant over the allele for short plants. A true-breeding tall plant is crossed with a short plant, and one of their offspring is crossed with a short plant. Out of 20 offspring resulting from the cross, about ____ should be tall

Classical albinism results from a recessive allele. What is the expected ratio for the progeny when a normally pigmented male with an albino father has children with an albino woman?

1/2 normal, 1/2 albino

Human pedigrees do not show the clear patterns that Mendel found in his peas because

Humans do not produce large numbers of offspring

Humans have 46 chromosomes and ____

22 pairs of autosomes

Genotype of dominant plants can be determined by

Test cross

The microtubules of the mitotic spindle attach to specialized structures in the centromere region of each chromosome called the

Kinetochores

Mendel removed the stamens of the plants in most of his crosses to

Prevent self-fertilization

Match the type of cell division with the appropriate cell, organ, or organism below A) Binary fission B) Meiosis C) Mitosis

Gamete production - B Skin regeneration - B Human embryo development - C Vibrio cholera growing in your intestine - A

Write out the stages of mitosis in the correct order

Interphase --> prophase --> prometaphase --> metaphase --> anaphase --> telophase/cytokinesis

What type of cancer kills the most men and women annually in the U.S.?

Lung cancer

Indicate the phase of mitosis and what happens during these stages

Prophase - mitotic spindles start to form, DNA condenses Metaphase - sister chromatids attach to mitotic spindles via kinetochores, line up in middle of cell Anaphase - sister chromatids are pulled apart Telophase/Cytokinesis - Nucleus re-forms, mitotic spindles disappear, cells start to divide