Lectures

Question 1

When would you use non-selective beta blockers (blocks beta 1 and 2 receptors)

Answer 1

In thyrotoxicosis

e.g. propanolol

Question 2

Name a non-selective beta blocker

Answer 2

Propanolol

Question 3

Beta blockers and heart failure

Answer 3

Good in the medium/long term, but can worsen in the short term

Question 4

Name two dihydropyridine and side effect

Answer 4

Amlodipine, nifedipine

Ankle oedema

Question 5

Name two rate limiting calcium antagonists

Answer 5

Verapamil, diltiazem

Question 6

Which drugs are good for kidneys in diabetic nephropathy?

Answer 6

ACE inhibitors

Question 7

Which drugs should you never use in pregnancy induced hypertension

Answer 7

ACE inhibitors

Question 8

If you give this type of drug to people with aspirin sensitivity, it can cause asthma

Answer 8

Antiplatelets (e.g. aspirin, clopidogrel, ticagrelor)

Question 9

Thrombin IIa inhibitor

Answer 9

Dabigatran

Question 10

Factor Xa inhibitor

Answer 10

Rivaroxiban

Question 11

Avoid these drugs in severe diabetic retinopathy and peptic ulcer

Answer 11

Fibrinolytics (e.g. streptokinase)

Question 12

Which drugs would you use in hypertriglyceridaemia and low HDL cholesterol

Answer 12

Fibrates

reduce TG and raise HDL i think

Question 13

Side effects of anti-arrhythmic drugs

Answer 13

Phototoxicity
Pulmonary fibrosis
Thyroid abnormalities

Question 14

Signs of digoxin toxicity

Answer 14

Nausea, vomitting, yellow vision, bradycardia, heart block, ventricular arrhtyhmias

Question 15

Non-invasive investigations of lower limb ischaemia

Answer 15

ABPI

Duplex ultrasound scanning

Question 16

Invasive investigation of lower limb ischaemia

Answer 16

Magnetic resonance angiography
CT angiography
Catheter angiography

Question 17

Drug used in intermittent claudication

Answer 17

Cilostazol

Question 18

STAINS POSITIVELY FOR CONGO RED

EXHIBITS GREEN APPLE BIREFRINGENCE

Answer 18

Amyloid

Question 19

Aschoff bodies

Answer 19

Rheumatic fever

Question 20

Causative organism in prosthetic valve endocarditis

Answer 20

S. epidermidis

Question 21

Non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis is commonly associated with what type of cancers?

Answer 21

Mucinous adenocarcinomas

Question 22

Libman-sacks endocarditis

Answer 22

Associated with Lupus:

Small sterile emboli
Often undersurfaces of the valves or on chords
Range of changes – often small asymptomatic deposits or significant valvulitis

Question 23

What are carcinoid tumours?

Answer 23

Neoplasms of neuroendocrine cells

Question 24

What is carcinoid syndrome?

Answer 24

Excess 5HIAA, serotonin, histamine, bradykinin etc produced by tumour - flushing of skin, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea
PRODUCES RIGHT SIDED CARDIAC DISEASE
-tricuspid and pulmonary insufficiency

Question 25

What is a distal vein thrombosis

Answer 25

A DVT in the calves

Question 26

What is a proximal vein thrombosis

Answer 26

A DVT of the popliteal or femoral vein

Question 27

How long should you give vitamin K antagonist (warfarin) therapy for an idiopathic venous thromboembolism?

Answer 27

3 months

Question 28

Is there a higher recurrence of provoked or unprovoked (idiopathic) venous thromboembolism?

Answer 28

Higher recurrence rate in unprovoked (idiopathic) venous thromboembolism

Question 29

What is post-thrombotic syndrome?

Answer 29

A relatively frequent complication of DVT:

• pain
• oedema
• hyperpigmentation
• eczema
• varicose collateral veins
• venous ulceration

Question 30

Investigation for PE in pregnancy

Answer 30

Perfusion scan (basically a V/Q scan without the Q)

Question 31

What is Fragmin?

Answer 31

Dalteparin (a LMWH)