Lectures 5 and 6: Respiratory

Question 1

Hypoxia causes production of what factor?

Answer 1

Hypoxia-inducible factor 1a

Question 2

Hypoxia-inducible factor causes production of what?

Answer 2

Erythrocytes (red blood cells)

Question 3

Three forms of CO2 in blood

Answer 3

Dissolved CO2
Carbaminohemoglobin
Bicarbonate

Question 4

What is the most important form of CO2 in the blood?

Answer 4

HCO3, bicarbonate

Question 5

CO2 and H2O form what weak acid?

Answer 5

H2CO3

Question 6

H2CO3 dissociates into what?

Answer 6

H+ and HCO3

Question 7

5 ways an animal can become hypoxemic

Answer 7

High altitude
Hypoventilation
Diffusion defect
V/Q defect
Right to left shunt

Question 8

All of the causes of hypoxemia lead to what happening with PaO2

Answer 8

Decrease

Question 9

A-a gradient for high altitude and hypoventilation

Answer 9

Normal

Question 10

A-a gradient for diffusion defect, V/Q defect, right to left shunt

Answer 10

Increased

Question 11

Which of the causes of hypoxemia is supplemental O2 not helpful?

Answer 11

Right to left shunt

Question 12

Hypoxia

Answer 12

Decreased O2 delivery to the tissues

Question 13

Hypoxemia

Answer 13

Decrease in arterial PO2

Question 14

Distribution of pulmonary blood flow within the lung is

Answer 14

Uneven

Question 15

Ventilation/perfusion ratio (V/Q)

Answer 15

Ratio of alveolar ventilation to pulmonary blood flow

Question 16

Ratio between which two things is important for ideal gas exchange?

Answer 16

Alveolar ventilation and pulmonary blood flow

Question 17

Blood flow in Zone 1 is

Answer 17

Lowest

Question 18

Alveolar ventilation in Zone 1 is

Answer 18

Lowest

Question 19

V/Q in Zone 1 is

Answer 19

Highest

Question 20

PaO2 in Zone 1 is

Answer 20

Highest

Question 21

PaCO2 in Zone 1 is

Answer 21

Lower

Question 22

Blood flow in Zone 3 is

Answer 22

Highest

Question 23

Alveolar ventilation in Zone 3 is

Answer 23

Higher

Question 24

V/Q in Zone 3 is

Answer 24

Lowest

Question 25

PaO2 in Zone 3 is

Answer 25

Lowest

Question 26

PaCO2 in Zone 3 is

Answer 26

Higher

Question 27

Zone 1, lowest or highest perfusion?

Answer 27

Lowest

Question 28

Zone 3, lowest or highest perfusion?

Answer 28

Highest

Question 29

In Zone 3 the alveoli are

Answer 29

Smaller and more compliant

Question 30

In Zone 1 the alveoli are

Answer 30

Larger, less compliant

Question 31

Zone 3, intrapleural pressure is

Answer 31

Less negative compared to Zone 1

Question 32

What is the major factor regulating pulmonary blood flow?

Answer 32

Partial pressure of O2 in alveolar gas, PAO2

Question 33

Decreases in PAO2 produce

Answer 33

Pulmonary (Hypoxic) vasoconstriction

Question 34

Pulmonary vasoconstriction causes blood flow to be directed away from

Answer 34

Poorly ventilated regions of the lung where gas exchange would be inadequate

Question 35

Pulmonary vasoconstriction encourages blood flow toward

Answer 35

Well-ventilated regions of the lung, where gas exchange would be better

Question 36

In pulmonary vasoconstriction, NO activates guanlyl cyclase which leads to production of (and what effect)?

Answer 36

cGMP and relaxation of smooth muscle

Question 38

Inhibition of nitric oxide synthase enhances

Answer 38

Pulmonary vasoconstrction