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Physiology I Exam 2 > Lecture 1: Renal Anatomy and Glomerular Structure > Flashcards

Lecture 1: Renal Anatomy and Glomerular Structure Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three major functions of the kidneys?

A

Excretory organs
Regulatory Organs
Endocrine organs

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2
Q

List the four ways that kidneys are regulatory organs

A
  1. Maintain constant volume and composition of bodily fluids by varying excretion of solutes and water
  2. Regulation of blood pressure
  3. Acid-base balance
  4. Excrete some substances and recycle back to blood
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3
Q

What 3 hormones do the kidneys secrete?

A
  1. Renin
  2. Erythropoietin
  3. Active Vitamin D
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4
Q

Major anatomical differences of the bovine kidney

A
  1. Lobulated (~12 lobes)
  2. No renal pelvis
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5
Q

Major anatomical differences of the porcine kidney

A

Flat and pale

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6
Q

Major anatomical differences of the goat and sheep kidneys

A

Resemble dog kidney

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7
Q

Which hormone is secreted by kidneys?
A. Renin
B. Relaxin
C. Calcitonin
D. Ergocalciferol

A

A. Renin

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8
Q

What is the functional and structural unit of the kidney?

A

Nephron

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9
Q

What does a nephron consist of?

A

A glomerulus and renal tubule

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10
Q

What does the glomerulus consist of?

A

Glomerular capillary network emerging from an afferent arteriole and exiting via an efferent arteriole

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11
Q

What is the glomerular capillary network surrounded by?

A

Bowman’s capsule (or space)

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12
Q

What is continuous with the proximal convoluted tubule?

A

Bowman’s capsule (space)

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13
Q

What is the first step in urine formation?

A

Blood filtering from glomerular capillary network into Bowman’s space

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14
Q

What is the renal tubule?

A

Tubular structure lined with epithelial cells that function to reabsorb and secrete

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15
Q

What comes first in the renal tubule (after the Bowman’s capsule)?

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

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16
Q

What comes after proximal convoluted tubule?

A

Proximal straight tubule

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17
Q

What comes after proximal straight tubule?

A

Loop of Henle

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18
Q

What is first segment of Loop of Henle that comes after the proximal straight tubule?

A

Thin descending limb

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19
Q

What comes after thin descending limb?

A

Hairpin Turn

20
Q

What comes after Hairpin Turn?

A

Thin ascending limb

21
Q

What comes after thin ascending limb?

A

Thick ascending limb

22
Q

What comes after thick ascending limb?

A

Distal convoluted tubule

23
Q

What comes after distal convoluted tubule?

A

Collecting ducts

24
Q

Name the parts of the Loop of Henle

A
  • Thin descending limb
  • Hairpin turn
  • Thin ascending limb
  • Thick ascending limb
25
Q

What is special about the segments of the renal tubule?

A

They are functionally distinct and have cells with different ultrastructures

26
Q

What are the two types of nephrons?

A
  • Superficial Cortical Nephrons
  • Juxtamedullary nehprons
27
Q

List the characteristics of superficial cortical nephrons

A

Glomeruli in outer cortex with relatively short loops of Henle descending into only the outer medulla

28
Q

List the characteristics of Juxtamedullary nephrons

A
  • Glomeruli near the corticomedullary border
  • Glomeruli larger which = higher glomerular filtration rates
  • Long loops of Henle reaching deep into the inner medulla - essential to concentrate urine
29
Q

What border are Juxtamedullary nephron glomeruli near?

A

Corticomedullary border

30
Q

Cortex

A

Outer region of kidney

31
Q

Medulla

A

Central region of kidney, has inner and outer portions

32
Q

Papilla

A

Innermost tip of inner medulla

33
Q

Blood enters kidneys through the?

A

Renal artery

34
Q

What is the first artery after the renal artery?

A

Segmental artery

35
Q

What comes after the segmental artery?

A

Interlobar artery

36
Q

What comes after interlobal artery?

A

Arcuate artery

37
Q

What comes after arcuate artery?

A

Cortical radiate artery

38
Q

What comes after cortical radiate artery?

A

Afferent arteriole

39
Q

Which arteriole is blood flow into kidney controlled with?

A

Afferent arteriole

40
Q

What comes after afferent arteriole?

A

Glomerulus (capillaries)

41
Q

What comes after efferent arteriole?

A

Peritubular capillaries

42
Q

Explain the pathway of blood into the glomerulus

A
  1. Renal artery
  2. Segmental artery
  3. Interlobar artery
  4. Arcuate artery
  5. Cortical radiate artery
  6. Afferent arteriole
  7. GLomerulus
43
Q

Peritubular capillaries branch from where?

A

Efferent arterioles

44
Q

What are major functions of the peritubular capillaries?

A
  1. Surround nephron and absorb solutes + water from filtrate
  2. Some solutes secreted from capillaries into tubules
45
Q

What is something special about the peritubular capillaries of Juxtamedullary nephrons?

A

They have Vasa recta

46
Q

What do vasa recta do?

A

Participate in osmotic exchange to produce concentrated urine

47
Q

What arteriole enters the glomerulus?

A

Afferent arteriole

Physiology I Exam 2 (12 decks)

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