LECTURES 5-8 + TBL 2 Flashcards by Hanna Song

In aqueous systems, CO2 exists as a combination of _____, _____, _____

CO2, HCO3, H2CO3, CO3

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The sum of all species that form when CO2 reacts with water (CO2 + HCO3 + CO3)

dissolved inorganic C (DIC) / total CO2

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our atmospheric CO2 has risen from ____ppm to _____pm from the pre-industrial times up until now

278, 420

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about _____% of known CO2 emissions are no longer in the atmosphere, and rather in the ocean

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the liquid that dissolves the solute

solvent

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the solid dissolved in the liquid

solute

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the quantity of solute relative to that of solvent/solution

concentration

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produce H+ ions (or H3O) and have a pH < 7

acids

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produce OH- ions and have a pH >7

bases

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a stress placed on a system in equilibrium will shift the equilibrium to relieve the stress

Le Chatelier’s Principle

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takes into account the ionic strengths and ion size and charge; are more accurate than concentrations in equilibrium, but are approximately equal at low ionic strengths (freshwater)

activity coefficient

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[H+][OH-] = 10^-14

water dissociation constant

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the henderson hasselbach equation explains that when adding ____, it comes with the weak base to form the acid, which shifts the ratio but only has a small effect on ____

H+, pH

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buffers work best when the pH is near the _____ of the acid, where _____ = _______

pka, [HA], [A]

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total hydroxide ion concentration; manifested by a high pH

basicity

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the capacity of water to accept H+; determined by titration with H+ to neutral endpoint; includes the concentration of all conjugate bases of weak acids

alkalinity

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when the pH of water equals the pka1 or _____, the concentration of _____ and _____ are equal to each other

6.35, CO2, HCO3

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when the pH of water equal the pka2 or ______, the concentration of _____ and _____ are equal to each other

10, HCO3, CO3

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at maximum HCO3 concentration, there is very little _____ and_____

CO2, CO3

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at pH ____, it is almost all CO2, at pH ____, it is almost all CO3

<4, >12

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the pH of freshwater is around __, which is buffered by CO2 and HCO3, with mostly ______ existing in the water

7, HCO3

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due to the high ____ content and thus _____ strength, the pka2 in the ocean is ____. seawater is at a pH of _____ and well buffered. Adding anthropogenic CO2 will cause ____ to decrease,, pH to ____ and make it difficult for ____ to grow and harder to ___ future changes with additional CO2

salt, ionic, 9.4, 8, CO3, decrease, corals, buffer

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includes only those species present when CO2 is added to pure water: CO3, HCO3, OH-, H+ (can ignore [OH] or [H] in pH < 7 or pH > 7 respectively)

carbonate alkalinity

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the combined total when other bases contribute to the alkalinity

total alkalinity

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____ water can absorb more CO2 than neutral water; a low [H+] means that a shift in reaction to the right results in _____ CO2 dissolved, increased, _____ and _____ alkalinity

basic, more, DIC, increased

water gains alkalinity primarily due to dissolution of _____, which increases ______ forms of DIC, and increases the_____

CaCO3, basic, pH

measure of "mineral" content of water (dissolved solids/ions)

water hardness

____ is generally the highest concentration of all cations in freshwater systems, although ____ can also contribute. Water with more ____ can dissolve more Ca minerals, which means it is dependent on T, ____, ____, _____, respiration and ____

Ca2+, Mg2+, CO2. P, S, pH, PS

Vancouver has the _____ water, with <_____mg/l, because the coast mountains mostly contain ______

softest, 3, granite

occurs when Ca2+ complexes with soap to form a neutral species, which makes soap insoluble in water, instead of soluble due to the exposed ionic end of the O-

scum

Deposits of CaCO3 that form when hard water is boiled due to increase of temperature which forms the precipitate, and due to the fact that less CO2 can be dissolved

scale

added CO2 to the oceans results in carbonic acid, which releases a _____. The _____ absorbs that proton, which means the overall ____ concentration decrease. This makes it difficult for marine organisms to use it for their ____

proton, CO3, carbonate, shells

_____ ____ caused by neighbouring coal mining industries are mostly a problem of the past because it is a _____ source, which means it can be treated there. However, below a pH of _____, Al ions are mobilized from insoluble clay minerals to a dissolved and _____ form which kills fish

acid rain, point, 5, bioavailable

_____ _____ with high sulfur content, results in emission of _____ causing acidification due to the production of ______, can be regulated. _____ also becomes _____ and results in acidification

dirty coal, SO2, H2SO4, NO2, HNO3

CO2 is a _____ acid because it becomes _____, which has a pka of 6.35, making it impossible to bring pH's down to 5. For a low pH, you need a ____ acid and little ______

weak, H2CO3, strong, buffering

Most NO2 comes from reactions of N2 and O2 in the atmosphere due to

internal combustion engines

As ____ is a limiting factor of primary productivity in some areas of the ocean, adding some of it could stimulate enough PP to consume ____ of the anthropogenic flux of CO2

Fe, 1/3-1/2

in the surface, CO2 is taken up by ____ which creates ______ (phytoplankton biomass). When it dies, it _____, then _______ through respiration and decomposition, which releases CO2 as _____. A small fraction of this settles to the _____. The slow mixing between the deep and surface results in most of the released CO2 to stay in the ______. Upwelling and ______ circulation eventually bring CO2 back up to the surface but it takes a long time

photosynthesis, particulate organic matter, sinks, oxidizes, DIC, sediments, deep, thermohaline

How _____ CO2 goes down to the oceans affects how long before it re-enters the atmospheres, as deeper oceans take 1000s-millions of years for re-release

far

With added Fe, phytoplankton _____ were created, but the damages to the ______ were uncertain. Furthermore, the Fe oxidizes in water and turns ____, which brings uncertainty as to whether it was fully absorbed

blooms, ecosystem, red

The artificial modification of the Earth's climate systems through 2 primary ideologies: carbon dioxide removal, and solar radiation management (does nothing for ocean acidification)

geoengineering

compressing CO2 to a liquid form which coverts to clathrate hydrates over time and flows down into CO2 lakes

ocean CO2 injection

other methods of CO2 involves combining it with _____ to get a less harmful ______, dispersing it by _____, or getting it to be absorbed by a ____ first then removing it, as well as pumping it into rock under the sea floor off ______

carbonate, bicarbonate, ships, mineral, island

there is uncertainty that accompanies specific predictions of _______ impacts of increased levels of CO2, even though there is consensus in the scientific community on the calamity caused by ____ _____

environmental, fossil fuels

the 4 major ions in river water

Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+

potentially toxic natural trace metals that are controlled primarily by the solubility of their hydroxides and carbonate salts

minor ions

____ pH water had higher concentration of trace metals, as it makes _____ and ____ more soluble

low, hydroxides, carbonates

the metal ions of most interest for trace metals

Cr3+, Mn(2+/4+), Fe(2+/3+)

most properties of metals dissolved in water depend on the _____ of the metal; ____ ____ ____ and ____ all change with speciation. thus we cannot just determine how much total metal is present

chemical form/metal species, solubility, mobility, toxicity, bioavailability

a central metal cation (electron acceptor or lewis acid), surrounded by anions of molecules containing free pairs of electrons (electron donor, or Lewis base)

coordination complex

anions or molecules providing the free pair of electrons

ligands

the metal-ligand bond

coordinate covalent bond

In order for a complex to be formed from one or more ligands and a central atom, each ligand must possess at least one _______ and the central atom must be able to accept it from each ligand

unshared electron pair

a ligand with a single pair of available electrons

monodentate ligand

ligand molecules containing more than one ligand atom

multidentate ligands

a metal complex in which the ligand molecule has multiple donor sites that are sufficiently spaced so they can bind to the same metal ion, and forms 5 or 6 membered rings when bound to a metal so that there are no unstable bond angles

Chelate

the number of ligand atoms per central atom

coordination number

the stability of chelates increases with each additional ______ atom, which are typically in organic molecules, ____, ___, and ____

donor, O, N, S

a chelating agent with 6 donor atoms (4 Os and 2 Ns) that is a common food additive, pollutant, and therapy method

EDTA

complexation generally _____ bioavailability, and ______ their concentration in water when in contact with solid forms (due to increased solubility)

decreases, increases

Chelating ligands _____ metals due to increasing its solubility, and thus if transported to a different environment, can ____ the metal

transport, release

While some chelating ligands may be helpful to make a ____ element less bioavailable, it can also be deprived of essential ______

toxic, nutrients

halogens must be ______ halides in order to function as a donor atom

free

metals that have d^0 configuration and low polarization such as Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Sc3+, Ti4+ and Al3+

a type metal ions

metals that have d^1 - d^9 configuration transition metals, with a character in between A and B-type metals, such as Cr3+, Mn2+, Co2+, Fe2+, Ni2+, and Cu2+

intermediate metals

metals that have a d^10 of nd^10(n+1)s^2 configuration and high polarizability such as Ag+, Au+, Hg2+, etc

b type metal ions

examples of a type ligands

O in SO4, CO3, OH and N in organics, and F

examples of b type ligands

Cl, S in HS and S in organic molecules

the ease with which the electron density of a species can be deformed by an external influence

polarizability

ligand preference order for a type metals (opposite for b type metals)

F > O > N > Cl > Br > I > S

the constant for the forward rate of a complexation over the reverse rate of a complexation

formation constant

a ligand that is similar to the metal type will _____ the Kf

increase

chelates have a high_____ due to a slow ____; this is because multiple ____ need to break for the complex to come apart, which means both bonds need to be at the _____ point

Kf, Kr, bonds, weakest

_______ ligands are easy to pull apart, as they only contain _____ site to complex with the metal, and are not connected to each other. Thus you only have to consider the _____

monodentate, one, Kf

the more the d orbital is close to being filled. the more the. ion likes to complex and is in need of the extra electron density; thus, d^10, and d^5 do not complex as well as d^9

irving williams order

complexation can either form _______ compounds and remove metal ions from solution, or more commonly, can form ____ compounds with insoluble metals and mobilize them (if the solid phase is in contact with the solution)

insoluble, soluble

complexes are more stable if they are ______, have similar ______ and ______, have nearly complete _______, and the ligands are _______

higher charge, ligand, metals, d orbitals, multidentate

Repulsion of protons from water

hydrolysis

OH2 complexes

aquo

OH complexes

hydroxo

O complexes

oxo

hydrolysis is enhanced by the _____ on metal ions, as a stronger interaction with O means H+ will leave better; lower _____ will also result in more ____ in the solution, resulting more _____ complexes

positive charge. pH, H+, hydrated

increasing _____ of the metal ion increases the _____ of the O-H bond making it easier to leave; _____ also affects the type of complex formed

electronegativity, polarity, temperature

species that are z=1 charge will only be _____, species that are z = 7 will only be ______, species that are between those will be combination of all three

aquo, oxo

able to function as an acid or a base

amphoteric, metal hydroxides