Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CHEM 301 > Lectures 16-18 + TBL 5 > Flashcards

Lectures 16-18 + TBL 5 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Periodic Table flashcards Chemistry 101 flashcards AP® Chemistry flashcards Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards
1
Q

Bulk solids covering the bottom of rivers, lakes and oceans

A

Sediments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Sediments consist of (5)

A
  1. clay, 2. silt, 3. sand, 4, organic matter, 5. other biogenic matter
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Small particles between dissolved and particulate matter such as clays and bacteria

A

colloids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The finer the particle size, the more ______ the water, and the less likely it is to _______

A

active, settle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Sediments act as a repository of ____, ____ and _____ detritus

A

biological, chemical, pollutant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Water that is held in microscopic pores within sediments

A

pore water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

detrital matter and rock break-down products wash into the water

A

weathering

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

initiated by pH changes, redox, or microbial activity

A

precipitation reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

a hydroxyapatite precipitate is formed when ____ rich wastewater enters water with high ______

A

phosphate, calcium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

____ _____ precipitates form when water rich in _____ and calcium loses CO2 (g)

A

calcium carbonate, CO3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

When Fe is oxidized to ____ and ______, a hydroxide (______) precipitates

A

Fe2+, Fe3+, Fe(OH)3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Some bacteria use ____ as an electron receptor, while others reduce Fe(OH)3 to _____. Together, this leads to a precipitate forming _____

A

SO4, Fe2+, FeS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Organic matter and other _____ _____ materials are delivered to sediments if not _____ in the water column

A

particulate biogenic, decomposed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Sediments form in 3 different ways

A
  1. weathering, 2. precipitation reactions, 3. biological processes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Organic compounds interact strongly with ______, similar to organic compounds bound to ______. ____ organic compounds (on surfaces) biodegrade or undergo chemical reactions at different _____ than free organic compounds, meaning they have low ______ ____.

A

sediments, colloids, sorbed, rates, biological activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

A measure of how many cations can stick to a particle

A

cation exchange capacity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Organic matter complexes with ____ ___ and ____ _____, as they also have a cation exchange capacity

A

clay minerals, humic substances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

_________ organic compounds are very mobile in pore waters, and most sediments lack ______. They have high ______ resulting in less ______.

A

anionic, anion exchange capacity, biological activity, sticking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

water _____ organic compounds are strongly bound by ______ _____ (______)

A

insoluble, humic substances (lipophilic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

3 properties of colloidal particles

A
  1. extremely small particles between 1nm-1um. 2. scatter light, 3. intermediate properties between solution and suspended matter
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

When the particle size range is the same as the wavelength of light, light is scattered off the surface of the particles instead of being transmitted through them

A

tyndall effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

A larger number of _____ particles has a greater surface area than a large particle of the same total _____, which gives more surface area for interacting with ____ in solution

A

small, volume, ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Most of the atoms as a percentage are in the ______, existing as _____ particles. As particle size grows, less of them are at the surface

A

surface, small

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Colloids in solution are stabilized by ____ and ____ ____

A

hydration, surface charges

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

When colloids ______, they are bigger and more influenced by ____, thus they stop being colloids

A

aggregate, gravity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

A layer of water on the surface of the colloid which keeps it from contacting other colloids and forming larger units

A

Hydration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Colloids of like charge repel one another

A

surface charge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Surface charge of colloids is ____ and ____ ____ dependent. Most colloids and other surfaces in neutral water are ____ charged. When a cation is stuck to the colloid, the colloid is _____. When a cation is not stuck to the colloid it is ______ _____.

A

pH, ionic strength, negatively, neutral, negatively charged

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

The total number of ions in solution

A

ionic strength

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Colloids that strongly interact with water (ex. proteins, synthetic polymers)

A

large molecules / ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

consist of aggregates of ions and molecules called micelles, which have a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail, resulting in clusters in which the tails point inward and the heads point outward. (eg. sodium stearate, soap)

A

association colloids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

colloids with charged surfaces, surrounded by counter-ions in solution, leading to the electric double layer

A

clay minerals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

The condensed layer close to the surface where ions of opposite charge become “fixed” to the surface

A

stern layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

the diffuse layer in the surrounding solution where ions in motion have adjusted to the surface charge

A

guoy-chapman layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

beyond the ___ ___ the bulk solution is unaffected by the _______

A

double layer, surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

3 ways in which surface charges can be generated

A
  1. chemical reaction at particle surface, 2. ion adsorption, 3. ion replacement
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Chemical reactions at the particle surface generally involve gain/loss of ______ which means it is ____ dependent.

A

H+, pH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Ion adsorption involves attachment of ions onto the colloid surface, but not by ______ bonding. It involves _____ bonding or ____ _____. In other words, they are organic ______ on oxide surfaces

A

covalent, hydrogen, van der waals, coatings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

ion replacement involves the replacement of normal _____ constituent in a mineral by an ion of different ______ state. (ex. Si4+ replaced by Al3+)

A

lattice, oxidation

40
Q

when small particles come together, form bigger particles and settle out

A

aggregation

41
Q

Involves reduction of electrostatic repulsion

A

coagulation

42
Q

involves bridging compounds and/or chemical bonds between colloids

A

flocculation

43
Q

Colloidal particles are normally prevented from ______ by electrostatic _____ of the electric double layer

A

aggregating, repulsion

44
Q

weak attractive forces between molecules that are minor in small molecules but a major force in colloids (additive)

A

van der waals forces

45
Q

forces contributing to van der waals forces (4)

A
  1. dipole-dipole, 2. dipole-induced dipole, 3. induced dipole-indued dipole, 4. instantaneous dipole
46
Q

Particles interact through their ____ ____ in solution. Like _____ charges between colloids repel each other. As the distance from the surface of particles increases, ____ _____ decreases. Aggregation occurs when _____ forces are larger than _____ forces.

A

double layers, negative, electric potential, attractive, repulsive

47
Q

Colloids do not repel each other until the double layers ______, because there is enough ___ ____ between them that is not influenced by the surface

A

overlap, bulk solution

48
Q

The addition of _____ coagulates colloids. This is because the increased _____ ______, which decreases the _____ _____.

A

ions, ionic strength, electrostatic repulsion

49
Q

With low ionic strengths, the ______ is felt before the attraction, because it takes many molecules to _____ the charge. This results in a very wide ____ ______, and molecules are less likely to _______

A

repulsion, neutralize, double layer, stick

50
Q

With medium ion concentrations, the repulsion is still felt before the attraction. However, in high ion concentrations, the _______ is felt before the _____, making particles likely to aggregate.

A

attraction, repulsion

51
Q

With low ionic strength, there is a net repulsion until the particles are very ______, and must overcome a high activation energy to aggregate. At high ionic strength, there is only a net _____, and no ____ ____, making particles very likely to aggregate

A

close, attraction, activation energy

52
Q

high molecular weight polymers with ionizable functional groups. Bind to two (or more) colloids causing them to flocculate

A

polyelectrolytes

53
Q

The most common functional groups on a polyelectrolyte are

A

SO3-, CO2-, NH3+

54
Q

cationic polyelectrolytes can flocculate _____ colloids by binding and forming a _____ with the colloid charges. Anionic polyelectrolytes bridge with a ______, and this binds to the colloid

A

negative, bridge, metal

55
Q

The main objective of biological waste treatment is the removal of ________, mostly due to _______

A

BOD, dissolved organic C (DOC)

56
Q

______ are used to produce biomass in waste treatment. Some DOC is converted to ____ and removed as a gas. Some DOC is converted to ______ biomass and removed as _______, through ___ _____. This can be enhanced by adding polyelectrolytes

A

microorganisms, CO2, bacterial, floc, chemical bridging

57
Q

aggregated bacteria cells

A

floc

58
Q

Not all neutral species are _______, and small amounts can be ______., such as _____ complexes, or _____ pairs

A

solids, dissolved, hydrated, ion

59
Q

the amount of an ionic solid that goes into solution as the neutral form of the salt (NOT dissociated into ions)

A

intrinsic solubility

60
Q

Total solubility =?

A

intrinsic solubility + ksp contribution(half the ksp) (both that which goes into solution intact and that which goes into solution by separating into ions

61
Q

These pollutants are toxic and harmful to aquatic biota

A

inorganic pollutants, trace elements/heavy metals, pesticides

62
Q

These pollutants are toxic

A

radionuclides, organic pollutants

63
Q

This pollutant is harmful to human health

A

asbestos

64
Q

These pollutants can cause eutrophication

A

nutrients, detergents

65
Q

This causes metal transport

A

organic ligands

66
Q

these pollutants affect water quality and aquatic biota

A

salinity, acidity, suspended sediments

67
Q

These pollutants affect water quality and oxygen levels

A

sewage, BOD

68
Q

7 main sources of water pollution

A

sewage, mining (AR), industrial waste, fertilizer runoff, pesticides, garbage, oil leaks/spills

69
Q

elements or other chemical compounds which exist at very low levels in a given system (ie. < ppm)

A

trace substance

70
Q

refers to elements at very low levels

A

trace element

71
Q

Some elements such as ___, ____ and ____ are extremely toxic even at trace levels, because they attack ____ bonds in enzymes and bind ______. Some metalloids such as _____, ____ and ____< are also important pollutants. Some trace elements are essential _____ at low levels, but toxic at high concentrations, such as _____ and _____

A

Cd, Pb, Hg, S, proteins, As, Se, Sb, nutrients, Se, Cu

72
Q

metals that interact with plankton and are essential elements at low concentrations, but can but toxic in high concentrations

A

biologically active metals

73
Q

For a non-essential element, there is no ____ effects, and increasing concentration just makes it more _____. For essential elements, there is a _____ stage at low concentrations, an ____ stage a medium concentrations, and as concentrations increased above the required level, the element becomes ______

A

beneficial, toxic, limiting, optimal, toxic

74
Q

Cadmium occurs in the ____ oxidation state and undergoes no redox changes. It’s main sources are from ____ and ____ , of reduced sediments, (ie. dredging of harbours) metal ______ (industrial wastes), and runoff from ______ and ______. In aerobic conditions, it forms a soluble ______ complex, while in anaerobic conditions, it precipitates as an insoluble _______. It results in severe _____ effects, such as _______ and _____ (itai-itai disease). Cadmium can replace ____ in some enzymes and has similar chemistry to it

A

2+, mining, aeration, plating, pesticides, fertilizers, CdClx(2-x), CdS, poisoning, brittle bones, kidney failure, Zn

75
Q

Lead occurs in a _____ oxidation state in water and undergoes no redox changes. Its main sources are from _____ and ____ operations, natural _______, _______ (leaded gasoline), and _______ and _______ (in old buildings). Acute lead poisoning results in _____ _____ and _____ dysfunction as well as ______. It is particularly harmful to children as it can cause _________

A

2+, industrial, mining, minerals, fuels, lead pipes, paints, kidney, liver, brain, death, mental retardation

76
Q

Mercury is the heavy metal of most concern. It is a trace component of many ______ (ie. HgS), is released from _____, _____, and ______, _______, _______, etc. Although liquid Hg is not very hazardous, the ______ is, as it can be absorbed through the skin. Bacteria in water can form _______ species, which is the most ______ and ______. ______ is also volatile. It is concentrated in biological systems (_______). _____ _____ results when people ingest contaminated ______ or drink water containing soluble species. When mercury ______ in aquatic environments, it can be carried to remote regions through the _______

A

minerals, broken batteries, thermometers, lawn fungicides, amalgam tooth fillings, pharmaceuticals, vapour, methylated, soluble, toxic, dimethyl mercury, biomagnified, minamata disease, fish, cycles, atmosphere

77
Q

The sources of Arsenic are _____ minerals, ____ _____, combustion of ____ ____ (via atmosphere), and ______ (in past). Acute poisoning results from ingestion of _____mg, and chronic poisoning from long term exposure can result in _______. Bacteria and _____ convert As to a variety of forms. _____ is more toxic, while ________ is less toxic

A

phosphate, mine tailings, fossil fuels, pesticides, 100, death, plankton, arsenite (AsO3), methylated forms

78
Q

Complexation / chelation of metals by organic ligands typically _____, which leads to less free ion, but more total ion in solution

A

increases their concentration in water, decreases metal bioavailability

79
Q

Metals are bound to organic ligands through _____ ______, bridging between O, S, or N between metal and carbon (not a M-C bond). The degree of complexation is a function of ______ and _______ (ie. ML + 2H+ –> M2+ + H2L)

A

functional groups, pH, concentration

80
Q

Bioaccumulation often leads to ______ as the substance is not _____ as fast as it is _____

A

biomagnification, released, taken up

81
Q

With ______ ligands, cells are able to thrive and do better up to a higher ______, because there is more metal bound (more mobile cells)

A

stronger, [free metal]

82
Q

Toxicity corresponds to _____ not ______.

A

[free metal] total Cu

83
Q

In the _____ _____, there are strong Cu-binding ligands, which lower the free concentration of copper, and makes it almost ______ complexed. The free Cu concentration in the surface is ______, while in the deep is ________

A

upper ocean, 100%, 10^-13, 10-^-10

84
Q

_______ such as ______ make ligands to _____ their environment. In the ____ ____, organisms show a toxic response at a _______, while in the _______, there is a response at higher levels. In lab, when ____ is added slowly, ligands are produced

A

phytoplankton, synechococcus, detoxify, open ocean, lower [Cu2+], coast, Cu

85
Q

Complexes that are bound by a metal-carbon bond. They do not dissociate at a lower pH or with dilution, and have a stronger association than complexation

A

organometallic complexes

86
Q

Examples of organometallic complexes include _______ _____ groups such as ____ _____, or ______. Metal-carbon bonding can either increase or decrease the _____ of metals in aquatic ecosystems. ______ are usually involved in transformations

A

alkyl organic, methylated mercury, carbonyls, toxicity, microorganisms

87
Q

_____ and _____ are likely carcinogenic, but _____ may be beneficial at low levels

A

Cd, As, Cd

88
Q

As contamination in water occurs when As is released from ______. ______ particles are good at oxidizing organic matter, resulting in release of ____ and any As bound to the surface of _______.

A

particles, FeOOH, Fe2+, FeOOOH

89
Q

It is still unclear where the organic matter that FeOOH oxidizes comes from, but a possibility is from the _______ ____ below the shallow ground water

A

clay layer

90
Q

In order to combat poisoning, you could identify which wells are ______, develop low cost _______, install ____ ____ that draw from deep (below 200m) uncontaminated water, or harvest _____ instead (cleanest water)

A

contaminated, filters, tube wells, rainwater

91
Q

The As poisoning resulted from the As in the ____ in Bangladesh. ____ ____ were contaminated, leading to cancer. _____ and _____ are both harmful, but the latter is coprecipitated and adsorbed on the surface of ______ in the sediments. In anoxic conditions, the insoluble ______ is reduced during the breakdown of organic carbon to ______, and at the same time, As is released and reduced to a more soluble _____. Thus, the solubility of As follows the solubility of ______.

A

bedrock, tube wells, As3+, As5+, FeOOH, FeOOH, Fe2+, As3+., FeOOH

92
Q

water found underground in the cracks and spaces in soil, sand and rock

A

groundwater

93
Q

Water containing As3+ can be treated by first oxidizing it to ______, and the reacting it with a solution in which ______ is added. This leads to the ______ precipitate. However, it is not a feasible solution in _______ pollution, and has no effect if clean water cannot get to individual homes

A

As5+, FeCl3, FeAsO4, widespread

94
Q

Selenium comes from natural sources such as _____, and _____. It is essential at ____ levels but ___ at higher levels

A

soil, coal, higher, toxic

95
Q

Copper mostly comes from ____ ____, ____ and ____ waste. It is essential at low levels but toxic at higher levels

A

metal plating, mining, industrial

CHEM 301 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions