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CHEM 301 > Lectures 13-15 + TBL 4 > Flashcards

Lectures 13-15 + TBL 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Where change occurs

A

Boundary conditions

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2
Q

Equilibrium where species on both sides contribute equally. On either side, one species dominates over others

A

Boundary line

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3
Q

limits set by the environment

A

practical limits

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4
Q

In acidic, low pe waters, _____ is the predominant species

A

Fe2+

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5
Q

In acidic high pe waters, _____ is the predominant species

A

Fe3+

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6
Q

In basic, low pe waters, _____ is the predominant species

A

Fe(OH)2

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7
Q

In basic, high pe waters, ______ is the predominant species

A

Fe(OH)3

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8
Q

Under natural aquatic conditions, the two predominant forms of Fe are

A

Fe2+, Fe(OH)3

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9
Q

In anoxic conditions water holds ______ Fe in solution as ______

A

more, Fe2+

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10
Q

Fe(s) is only stable at pe = ______, which is not possible in H2O, Fe is thus _____/_____ even in reducing conditions

A

-9.95, oxidized, corroded

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11
Q

Generally oxidation / dissolution - destructive alteration of metal through interaction with its surroundings

A

Corrosion

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12
Q

_____ can accelerate the corrosion process, or in some cases slow it by forming protective ____ films. ______ environments generally slow the process but do not stop it

A

oxygen, oxide, reducing

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13
Q

Most commonly used metals are ______ under typical environmental conditions, as they can form _____, _____, _____, and _____

A

unstable, ions, salts, hydroxides, oxides

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14
Q

Unicellular organisms with no nucleus

A

bacteria

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15
Q

unicellular organisms with a nucleus

A

protozoa

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16
Q

photosynthetic, multicellular organisms that contain chlorophyll

A

algae

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17
Q

Organisms that convert inorganic compounds to organic compounds and vis versa, and catalyze many chemical processes in water and sediments

A

micro-organisms

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18
Q

organisms that break down the complexity of organic matter into simple compounds and get energy from organic matter

A

reducers (bacteria, fungi)

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19
Q

organisms that create organic matter from simple compounds using an independent energy source (such as sunlight or chemical energy source)

A

producers (some bacteria, algae)

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20
Q

bacteria that require O2 as an electron acceptor

A

aerobic

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21
Q

bacteria the function only in the absence of O2

A

anaerobic

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22
Q

Bacteria that can use either O2 or another electron acceptor depending on the environment

A

facultative

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23
Q

the phase of bacterial growth in which the population doubles over the regular time interval

A

log phase / generation time

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24
Q

The life cycle of bacteria cells ends when a limiting factor such as _____, _____ or _____ is encountered

A

depletion of nutrients/food source, build up of toxins, exhaustion of O2 (or other oxidant)

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25
Q

growth rate of bacteria is _____ dependent, and the optimum is different for different bacteria

A

temperature

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26
Q

oxidation of organic matter by oxygen

A

aerobic respiration

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27
Q

oxidation of organic matter by oxygen yields ______kcal of energy, which is used for _____, _____, ____, and _____

A

29.9, metabolism, reproduction, locomotion, synthesis of new cell material

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28
Q

Energy yields, per unit organic matter, decrease in the following order:

A

O2, NO3, MnO2, FeOOH, SO4, CO2

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29
Q

Bacteria can _____ other bacteria by living in their optimal environment based on which _____ give them more energy

A

outcompete, oxidants

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30
Q

The conversion from NO3 to N2

A

denitrification

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31
Q

The conversion from NO3 to NH4+ (usually does not occur until all oxygen is depleted)

A

nitrate reduction

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32
Q

The conversion from MnO2 to Mn2+

A

manganese reduction

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33
Q

the conversion from FeOOH to Fe2+

A

iron reduction

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34
Q

the conversion from SO4 to HS-

A

sulphate reduction

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35
Q

the conversion from CO2 to CH4

A

methanogenesis

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36
Q

Methanogenesis only yields ______ of the energy available using oxygen. _____ is the oxidant, but more of it is ____ than _______, thus it never runs out. The bacteria involved cannot tolerate any ____

A

20%, CO2, produced, consumed, O2

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37
Q

a redox process in which both oxidizing and reducing agents are organic

A

fermentation reaction

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38
Q

When O2 is present, ____ is produced from organic matter, when O2 is exhausted, it is used next, but runs out quickly in most environments. When NO3 is exhausted, _____ and _____ act as oxidants, but are not very abundant in waters due to being ____. However, they are abundant in ______. When these are exhausted, ______ begins oxidizing (seawater), after which _______ begin oxidizing

A

NO3, MnO2, FeOOH, solids, sediments, SO4, CO2

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39
Q

The conversion of organic matter to CH4; used in biological waste treatment to reduce BOD

A

Anaerobic respiration

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40
Q

methane can be ______ (transferred to the atmosphere), in which it ______ further to ______, removing the organic matter

A

degassed, oxidizes, CO2

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41
Q

organic matter contributes to ______. However, production of 1 mole of _____ removes 2 moles of organic matter, preventing 2 moles of ____ being used to break down organic carbon in water, CO2 is then tapped as a _____ ___ in some cases

A

BOD, CH4, O2, fuel source

42
Q

Water trapped in sediments

A

pore waters

43
Q

Sediments gradually accumulate on the top, so deeper in the sediments, organic matter has had _____ time to degrade.

A

more

44
Q

in oxidizing conditions, _____, _____ and _____ are common

A

oxides, hydroxides, carbonates

45
Q

In reducing conditions _____ and sometimes ____ are common

A

sulphides, carbonates

46
Q

_____ are much less soluble than ______

A

sulphides, sulphates

47
Q

In reducing conditions, ______ reduce _____ to ______, causing ________ of metal _____

A

microorganisms, sulphates, sulphides, precipitation, sulphides

48
Q

In oxidizing conditions, ______ re-oxidizes sulphides to sulphates, and thereby releases _____ to solution

A

aeration, heavy metals

49
Q

The most common trace metal held in sediments are

A

Cadmium, copper, iron, mercury, manganese, nickel, lead, zinc, etc.

50
Q

Sulphur is most common in oxic water as ______, which floats freely and does not bind. Its reduced state, _____, is found in organic matter, bound to metals and _____. In reducing environments, _____ and/or ______ is produced by bacteria

A

SO4 (sulphate), S2-, protons. H2S, HS- (sulphide)

51
Q

_____ is a water hazard (____) and produces _____ upon oxidation, which is a major source of atmospheric ____ and acid _____

A

H2S, toxic, acid, sulphur, rain

52
Q

harbours are ____ periodically to remove sediment build up. This causes ________ sediments to be exposed to oxidizing conditions, which leads to oxidation of _____ and ____ _____

A

dredged, reducing, sulphides, metal release

53
Q

The conversion of organic N to NH4+ performed by all organisms (respiration) in all environments, to get energy out of organic matter

A

ammonification

54
Q

the conversion of NH+ to NO2 to NO3; the process of oxidizing ammonia to nitrate. Occurs in the presence of oxygen; by bacteria that use the resulting chemical potential energy; usually in deep waters

A

nitrification

55
Q

The conversion of NO3 to NO2 to NH4+ to organic N by plants - phototrophs in sunlit regions for body mass (amino acids, proteins, etc.)

A

nitrate assimilation

56
Q

The conversion of NH4+ to organic N

A

ammonia assimilation

57
Q

The conversion of NO3 to NO2 to N2 by bacteria in suboxic or anoxic, using nitrate as an oxidant to break down organic matter (aerobic respiration)

A

denitrification

58
Q

Conversion of N2 to NH4+ to organic N; by cyanobacteria and other bacteria in surface waters and soils to bring N back into the cycle for uptake by phytoplankton

A

nitrogen fixation

59
Q

microbial processes by which N in nitrate is reduced to a lower oxidation state (NO3 -> NO2/N2/NH4+/Org-N

A

nitrate reduction

60
Q

Any organism utilizing NO3 for ____ ___ must first reduce the N to the ____ oxidation state

A

protein synthesis, -3

61
Q

NO3 is a good ____ in a low O2 environment, but usually runs out fast. _____ requires energy, but is necessary to build _____ and ______.

A

oxidant, nitrate assimilation, proteins, amino acids

62
Q

In solution, _____ is a stable species in the presence of ______. However, the process of nitrification is _____ even though it is favorable. Thus it is ____ by bacteria. ______ for terrestrial crop plants usually use ______, which microbes transform to _____

A

NO3, oxygen, slow, catalyzed, fertilizer, NH4+, NO3

63
Q

in sewage sludge, bacteria use ______ produced by _______ as an oxidant and produce _____ (denitrification) which degasses

A

NO3, nitrification, N2

64
Q

the conversion of ammonia to nitrite

A

nitrosmonos

65
Q

the conversion of nitrite to nitrate

A

nitrobacter

66
Q

both nitrobacter and nitrosmonos are ______ and require ___. They also both have a high energy yield of ______

A

bacteria, oxygen, 10kcal

67
Q

nitrogen fixation does not occur easily due to the ______ in N2 that results in high ___ energy, and a _____ slow reaction. This is why N2 is a ______ gas. This reaction is common in _______ especially associated with the roots of ________ (root nodules), rare in _______ because it requires a lot of ______, and is a complex process

A

triple bond, activation, kinetically, unreactive, soils, legumes, water, iron

68
Q

At mid pH, levels, ____ is stable at high pe, ____ is stable at mid pe, and _____ is stable at low pe

A

NO3, NO2, NH4+

69
Q

The process of organisms taking up nitrate, nitrite or ammonium and incorporating N into organic matter

A

assimilation

70
Q

When sulfide ores are exposed to oxygen in air or oxic waters, S is ______, H+ _______, and [M] _______

A

oxidized, increases, increases

71
Q

A mix of sulphuric acid and high concentration of metals produced by oxidation of sulfide minerals catalyzed by bacteria

A

acid rock drainage

72
Q

acid rock drainage releases high concentrations of toxic metals such as

A

Fe2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, etc

73
Q

First step in acid rock drainage formation

A

Oxidation of S in pyrite or other metals which produces H2SO4

74
Q

Second step in acid rock drainage formation

A

oxidation of Fe2+ to Fe3+

75
Q

Third step in acid rock drainage formation

A

Further dissolution of FeS2 by Fe3+ (more H2SO4 production)

76
Q

Fourth step in acid rock drainage formation

A

If pH is >3 after mixing out into the environment, Fe(OH)3 precipitate forms (yellowboy deposits)

77
Q

To stop the oxidation of sulphide ores, the exposed areas are covered with _______/______ which suck up various ______ preventing them from reaching the ore and contact with the environment. You can also block the ____ to prevent water flow through the mine interior

A

soil/peat, oxidants, exits

78
Q

partially decayed vegetation - organic rich material

A

peat

79
Q

a mixture of Ca(OH)2 and water used to neutralize acid formed in ARD

A

lime slurry

80
Q

In order to neutralize the acid, you can actively use ______ to absorb the H+ in a controlled treatment facility. Alternatively, you can use ________ rocks (limestone), to absorb H+ (add alkalinity), but ______ may form on the carbonate which slows the dissolution. This method may be more effective in an _____ environment, where Fe stays ______, and has less of a tendency to be ______ up to a higher pH

A

Ca(OH)2, Calcium carbonate, yellowboy, anoxic, Fe2+, hydroxo

81
Q

In order to remove metals from ARD, you can actively -_______ metals or ______ with other metal _______ such as Fe(OH)3 in an active treatment facility. Other methods include using ______ to complex and _____/______ metals from water leaving the system, creating aerobic _______, where metals precipitate as ______ or absorb to freshly precipitated hydroxides such as Fe(OH)3. You can also create _____ wetlands to re-precipitate metals as ______, which must stay anaerobic. Usually a combination is more effective for passive treatment

A

precipitate, co-precipitate, hydroxides, peat, immobilize/remove, wetlands, hydroxides, anaerobic, sulphides

82
Q

In the Britannia mine, precipitation into open _____ and underground _____ and shafts, where _____ mineralization occurred formed ______

A

pits, mines, sulphide, acid mine drainage

83
Q

small 2200 portal

A

Jane creek -> Britannia Creek, -> Howe sound surface

84
Q

large 4100 portal

A

Howe sound at depth

85
Q

Howe sound became toxic to fish because of contamination from ______ and ______, ______, _____, and mine tailings

A

contaminated fill, waste rock, drainage, groundwater

86
Q

To treat Britannia, the 2200 portal was ______, the ARD was treated with a ________, which then precipitated as _______, then a customized _____ was added to increase aggregation of ______. The “clumps” of precipitate were then collected and used as part of the fill for the _____ pit of the mine. _______ _____ _____ were re-routed away from the underground mine workings, and _____ assessments were anticipated for contaminated sediments at certain locations at the site

A

plugged, lime slurry, iron hydroxide, polymer, colloids, open, uncontaminated surface waters

87
Q

The iron hydroxides are safe to use as fill for the open put because it is already _____, so exposure to air will not cause the metals to _____. It would mobilize if ______

A

oxidized, mobilize, reduced

88
Q

A mine in BC in which the ARD was collected in a retention pond which breached and drained mine halings into a nearby lake

A

mount polley

89
Q

Sulfuric acid is directly _____ and can cause excessive ______

A

toxic, minerals that it contacts

90
Q

Bacteria can oxidize ____ to sulphate when there’s oxygen. Because of high concentration of sulphate in ______, formation of this compound causes ____ problems in coastal areas and is a major source of _________ sulfur.

A

H2S, seawater, pollution, atmospheric

91
Q

____ can form in the presence of sulphide, leading to a black sediment

A

FeS

92
Q

When elemental sulfur is added excessively to _____ soils, the acidity is increased because of a microorganism mediated reaction, which produces ________

A

alkaline, sulphuric acid

93
Q

Elemental sulphur may be deposited as _____ in the cells of purple/_______ _______

A

granules, colorless, bacteria

94
Q

In the presence of oxygen, some bacteria can oxidize ____ to ____

A

H2S, SO4

95
Q

Bacteria can reduce inorganic ______ to H2S. In doing so, they use it as an electron acceptor in the oxidation of ______. The process requires multiple bacteria

A

SO4, organic matter

96
Q

Reducing NO3 to ____ yields the most energy (almost the same as O2) however, some organisms specialize in only taking this reaction partway

A

N2

97
Q

_______ usually happen in the ____ waters. Thus nitrate reduction occurs in mostly ____, ____ , but also ____ environments

A

nitrate assimilation, surface, suboxic, anoxic, oxic

98
Q

_______ is the most abundant form of N, but is often unavailable. _____ is the most abundant form that is available to organisms

A

N2, NO3

99
Q

Often terrestrial crop plants cannot take up _____, and need ______ to take up NO3

A

NH4+, nitrification

100
Q

nitrogen fixation occurring in soils often _____ into streams but are not accessible in _______, where it is more rare due to needing a lot of insoluble ______, ____ and a ____ environment

A

run-off, oceans, Fe, photoautotrophs, sunny

101
Q

At a high pe, _____ is dominant across all _____, because HNO3 is a strong acid. There is a lot less _______, and some ______.

A

NO3, pH, NO2, HNO2

102
Q

Including _____, it becomes the dominant form and ______ disappears. In the atmosphere where there is a lot of ______ present, _____ oxidizes to ______. Thus, the atmosphere is often not in ______, due to life and the kinetic ____ of N2

A

N2, NO2, O2, N2, NO3, equilibrium, stability

CHEM 301 (7 decks)

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