LECTURES 1-4 + TBL 1 Flashcards by Hanna Song

The study of the chemical species in water, soil, and air environments

aqueous environmental chemistry

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a substance in greater than natural concentration as a result of human activity and having a detrimental effect on the environment

pollutant

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a deviation from normal composition of the environment but not necessarily detrimental

contaminant

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1mg/l

ppm

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1ug/l

ppb

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1ng/l

ppt

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the study of freshwater

limnology

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the study of salt water

oceanography

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the water movement, evaporation, transpiration and precipitation of water in various processes

hydrological cycle

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most water is in the _______ while the rest are in ice caps and glaciers which makes water hard to _____

oceans, access

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Hydrological cycle:
1. water ________, rises and cools to form liquid droplets
2. droplets in clouds ________ become heavy and lead to _______
3. precipitation on oceans, _______ and ______ (by rain or snow)
4. surface _______ and ground-water return water to the oceans
The overall cycle ______ water

evaporates, collide, precipitation, mountains, land, run-off, purifies

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the total ____ on earth = the total ______ from earth

precipitation, evaporation

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the particular part of the universe we choose to study

system

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everything other than the system

surroundings

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the concentration does not change over time, input=output

steady state

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the three things part of an isolated system

sources, sinks, and internal cycles

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the average time a substance spends in a defined reservoir before it is removed

residence time

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the residence time of water

40,000 years

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the volume of substance in the ocean + in the atmosphere over the ocean

inventory

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the rate of river + groundwater input to the oceans

input

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the rate of net evaporation over the oceans (that which is transported to land)

output

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if a chemical is more _____, its residence time is shorter

reactive

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water is _____ hybrid, approximately _____ shaped, and has partial charges due to its dipoles, has a high ______, making it a good _____

sp3, tetrahedral, dielectric constant, solvent

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a measure of polarity; greater constant = more polar

dielectric constant

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a circle of 4-6 inner water molecules and more outer molecules around ions due to partial charges on O and H

hydration spheres

a bond that is between H and F, O or N; strong relative to london forces, but weak relative to covalent bonds; between water molecules

hydrogen bonds

ice is an open _______ structure in which all possible H-bonds form (same number of _________ as positive sites), which makes it less _____ than H2O in liquid form

tetrahedral, lone pairs, dense

Water has a higher ______ than other liquids because of its strong intermolecular forces; it behaves as a ______ molecule

boiling point, larger

the temperature range of water is _____ than the temperature range of the atmosphere; it is a _____ environment with respect to temperature

greater, stable

energy absorbed when one mole of H2O is vaporized (evaporation)

heat of vaporization

Water has a ____ heat of vaporization which means, 32.2% of _____ remain at 100°C

high, h-bonds

energy needed to heat one g of a substance by 1 degree K

specific heat capacity

water has a _____ specific heat capacity because it takes a lot of energy to overcome the ______ /_______ so less energy goes toward increasing the ______/_______ of the water

high, chemical potential energy/H-bonds, kinetic energy/temperature

water's high heat capacity ______ temperatures, leading to moderate temperatures in ______ areas, where the air is _____ with the water, and bigger climate _____ in landlocked areas where the land heats up and cools faster

stabilizes, coastal, equilibriated, swings

in the ocean, the temperature varies only between ______ and ____ °C, allowing aquatic organisms to avoid extreme changes in temperature

-2, 30

The maximum density of water is at ____°C, and is less dense at ______ and _____ temperatures

4, higher, lower

at higher temperatures, the increase in ____ energy dominates and results in _____ density. At lower temperatures, water makes ______ as it cools which results in _____ density

kinetic, lower, h-bonds, lower

cold water can only be on top of less dense warm water if the warmer water is _____

less than 4°C

Water that is >_____% salt, results in disrupted H-bonding. This means it does not have a temperature of _____ density above the ______ point, and continues to get more dense until it freezes

2.3, maximum, freezing

When there is little or no mixing between the layers in water and the layers have different physical, chemical, and biological properties

Stratification

in the summer, the surface is ______ by the sun and air, which results in a ______ system of warm water ______ of cold water

warmed, stable, on top

in the winter, the surface is _____ 4°C, while the deeper water is >4°C (closer to 4°C), which results in a ______ system of cold water _____ of warm water

less than, stable, on top of

in the fall, the surface is ____ by winds and cold air, resulting in an ______ system in which the surface becomes more _____ than the water beneath it, which causes it to sink and _____

cooled, unstable, dense, mix

in the spring, the surface is _____ by the sun and air from _____ to _____°C, getting ____ dense, resulting in sinking and mixing

warmed, 0, 4, more

_____ is important for nutrient usage by phytoplankton in that they can _____ out and deliver nutrients to the ____ water through ______ and return to the _____ during the next overturn

overturn, sink, deep, decomposition, surface

freezing point ______ with increasing salinity; the temperature of maximum density _____ with increasing salinity; beyond _____% salinity, the temperature of maximum density has _____ faster than the freezing point, and thus it is most dense right before freezing

decreases, decreases, 23, decreased

because seawater freezes before reaching maximum density, the cold water keeps _____ to the bottom, which means the whole water column must be cooled in order to freeze; however, when ____ forms in seawater it still floats because it is _____

sinking, ice, pure

in the afternoon at the beach, the ______ absorbs heat faster than the water, which heats the air above it which _______ and falls over the water. The ____ air over the water is sucked into the _____, creating a _____

land, rises, cool, land, sea breeze

in the evening at the beach, the temperature starts to ______ between the sand and water, resulting in _____

equalize, no breeze

at night at the beach, the land ____ heat faster than the water, which makes the warm air above the water rise and fall on the cool ____

loses, land

the solubility of a gas in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of that gas in contact with the liquid

Henry's law

henry's law does not account for _____, which makes gases _____ soluble

further reactions of dissolved gases with the solution, more

mole fraction x total pressure

partial pressure

air in equilibrium with water means there is ______

water vapour

Increasing temperature _______ K; hot water makes gases ____ soluble

decreases, less

increasing salinity ______ K; saltier water makes gases _____ soluble

decreases, less

increasing pressure _______ solubility of gases; however, most gas exchanges occur at the _____ of a body of water

increases, surface

Primary production; occurs at the surface and requires light

photosynthesis

metabolic process that occurs throughout the water column but is dominant below the surface layer

respiration

the ability of water to support the production of living material

productivity

low nutrient, low productivity environment

oligotrophic

plentiful nutrients, high productivity environment

eutrophic

too many nutrients which makes the environment clogged with plant life

dystrophic

excess productivity; the process of becoming dystrophic; can result in suboxic or anoxic environments in deeper waters

eutrophication

O2 is ______ at the surface, due to exchange with the _______ at variable temperatures and pressures, recent ______, and ______, which mixes bubbles down in ____ days

supersaturated, atmosphere, warming, bubble injection, windy

O2 is ______ at depth due to _______, chemical ______, and no direct exchange with the _______

undersaturated, respiration, oxidation, atmosphere

______ is the key factor in determining the extent and kinds of life in a body of water

dissolved oxygen

the amount of O2 required to biologically degrade all organic matter and other reduced chemicals in a given volume of water

biochemical oxygen demand

If BOD is high and _____ is low, water will become _____ or ______

O2 exchange, anoxic, suboxic

the physical properties affecting life in water

temperature, transparency, turbulence

surface layer in contact with the atmosphere, high O2 levels, PS occurs and chemicals are in oxidized states

epilimnion

sheer plane between surface and bottom layers; a region of rapidly changing temperature

thermocline

cool bottom layer with lower O2 levels, respiration, and chemicals in reduced states

Hypolimnion

Brings O2 to deep and nutrients to the surface, and increases the productivity of lakes

mixing

When a cloud of CO2 and other volcanic gases descend from a lake killing animals and livestock

limnic eruption

The need to release gases slowly and continually so it does not erupt all at once; occurs naturally in shallower lakes through wind action or in temperate lakes with seasonal overturn, but not in deep lakes in wam climates

degasing