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CHEM 301 > LECTURES 1-4 + TBL 1 > Flashcards

LECTURES 1-4 + TBL 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

The study of the chemical species in water, soil, and air environments

A

aqueous environmental chemistry

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2
Q

a substance in greater than natural concentration as a result of human activity and having a detrimental effect on the environment

A

pollutant

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3
Q

a deviation from normal composition of the environment but not necessarily detrimental

A

contaminant

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4
Q

1mg/l

A

ppm

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5
Q

1ug/l

A

ppb

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6
Q

1ng/l

A

ppt

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7
Q

the study of freshwater

A

limnology

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8
Q

the study of salt water

A

oceanography

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9
Q

the water movement, evaporation, transpiration and precipitation of water in various processes

A

hydrological cycle

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10
Q

most water is in the _______ while the rest are in ice caps and glaciers which makes water hard to _____

A

oceans, access

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11
Q

Hydrological cycle:
1. water ________, rises and cools to form liquid droplets
2. droplets in clouds ________ become heavy and lead to _______
3. precipitation on oceans, _______ and ______ (by rain or snow)
4. surface _______ and ground-water return water to the oceans
The overall cycle ______ water

A

evaporates, collide, precipitation, mountains, land, run-off, purifies

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12
Q

the total ____ on earth = the total ______ from earth

A

precipitation, evaporation

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13
Q

the particular part of the universe we choose to study

A

system

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14
Q

everything other than the system

A

surroundings

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15
Q

the concentration does not change over time, input=output

A

steady state

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16
Q

the three things part of an isolated system

A

sources, sinks, and internal cycles

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17
Q

the average time a substance spends in a defined reservoir before it is removed

A

residence time

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18
Q

the residence time of water

A

40,000 years

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19
Q

the volume of substance in the ocean + in the atmosphere over the ocean

A

inventory

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20
Q

the rate of river + groundwater input to the oceans

A

input

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21
Q

the rate of net evaporation over the oceans (that which is transported to land)

A

output

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22
Q

if a chemical is more _____, its residence time is shorter

A

reactive

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23
Q

water is _____ hybrid, approximately _____ shaped, and has partial charges due to its dipoles, has a high ______, making it a good _____

A

sp3, tetrahedral, dielectric constant, solvent

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24
Q

a measure of polarity; greater constant = more polar

A

dielectric constant

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25
Q

a circle of 4-6 inner water molecules and more outer molecules around ions due to partial charges on O and H

A

hydration spheres

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26
Q

a bond that is between H and F, O or N; strong relative to london forces, but weak relative to covalent bonds; between water molecules

A

hydrogen bonds

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27
Q

ice is an open _______ structure in which all possible H-bonds form (same number of _________ as positive sites), which makes it less _____ than H2O in liquid form

A

tetrahedral, lone pairs, dense

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28
Q

Water has a higher ______ than other liquids because of its strong intermolecular forces; it behaves as a ______ molecule

A

boiling point, larger

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29
Q

the temperature range of water is _____ than the temperature range of the atmosphere; it is a _____ environment with respect to temperature

A

greater, stable

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30
Q

energy absorbed when one mole of H2O is vaporized (evaporation)

A

heat of vaporization

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31
Q

Water has a ____ heat of vaporization which means, 32.2% of _____ remain at 100°C

A

high, h-bonds

32
Q

energy needed to heat one g of a substance by 1 degree K

A

specific heat capacity

33
Q

water has a _____ specific heat capacity because it takes a lot of energy to overcome the ______ /_______ so less energy goes toward increasing the ______/_______ of the water

A

high, chemical potential energy/H-bonds, kinetic energy/temperature

34
Q

water’s high heat capacity ______ temperatures, leading to moderate temperatures in ______ areas, where the air is _____ with the water, and bigger climate _____ in landlocked areas where the land heats up and cools faster

A

stabilizes, coastal, equilibriated, swings

35
Q

in the ocean, the temperature varies only between ______ and ____ °C, allowing aquatic organisms to avoid extreme changes in temperature

A

-2, 30

36
Q

The maximum density of water is at ____°C, and is less dense at ______ and _____ temperatures

A

4, higher, lower

37
Q

at higher temperatures, the increase in ____ energy dominates and results in _____ density. At lower temperatures, water makes ______ as it cools which results in _____ density

A

kinetic, lower, h-bonds, lower

38
Q

cold water can only be on top of less dense warm water if the warmer water is _____

A

less than 4°C

39
Q

Water that is >_____% salt, results in disrupted H-bonding. This means it does not have a temperature of _____ density above the ______ point, and continues to get more dense until it freezes

A

2.3, maximum, freezing

40
Q

When there is little or no mixing between the layers in water and the layers have different physical, chemical, and biological properties

A

Stratification

41
Q

in the summer, the surface is ______ by the sun and air, which results in a ______ system of warm water ______ of cold water

A

warmed, stable, on top

42
Q

in the winter, the surface is _____ 4°C, while the deeper water is >4°C (closer to 4°C), which results in a ______ system of cold water _____ of warm water

A

less than, stable, on top of

43
Q

in the fall, the surface is ____ by winds and cold air, resulting in an ______ system in which the surface becomes more _____ than the water beneath it, which causes it to sink and _____

A

cooled, unstable, dense, mix

44
Q

in the spring, the surface is _____ by the sun and air from _____ to _____°C, getting ____ dense, resulting in sinking and mixing

A

warmed, 0, 4, more

45
Q

_____ is important for nutrient usage by phytoplankton in that they can _____ out and deliver nutrients to the ____ water through ______ and return to the _____ during the next overturn

A

overturn, sink, deep, decomposition, surface

46
Q

freezing point ______ with increasing salinity; the temperature of maximum density _____ with increasing salinity; beyond _____% salinity, the temperature of maximum density has _____ faster than the freezing point, and thus it is most dense right before freezing

A

decreases, decreases, 23, decreased

47
Q

because seawater freezes before reaching maximum density, the cold water keeps _____ to the bottom, which means the whole water column must be cooled in order to freeze; however, when ____ forms in seawater it still floats because it is _____

A

sinking, ice, pure

48
Q

in the afternoon at the beach, the ______ absorbs heat faster than the water, which heats the air above it which _______ and falls over the water. The ____ air over the water is sucked into the _____, creating a _____

A

land, rises, cool, land, sea breeze

49
Q

in the evening at the beach, the temperature starts to ______ between the sand and water, resulting in _____

A

equalize, no breeze

50
Q

at night at the beach, the land ____ heat faster than the water, which makes the warm air above the water rise and fall on the cool ____

A

loses, land

51
Q

the solubility of a gas in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of that gas in contact with the liquid

A

Henry’s law

52
Q

henry’s law does not account for _____, which makes gases _____ soluble

A

further reactions of dissolved gases with the solution, more

53
Q

mole fraction x total pressure

A

partial pressure

54
Q

air in equilibrium with water means there is ______

A

water vapour

55
Q

Increasing temperature _______ K; hot water makes gases ____ soluble

A

decreases, less

56
Q

increasing salinity ______ K; saltier water makes gases _____ soluble

A

decreases, less

57
Q

increasing pressure _______ solubility of gases; however, most gas exchanges occur at the _____ of a body of water

A

increases, surface

58
Q

Primary production; occurs at the surface and requires light

A

photosynthesis

59
Q

metabolic process that occurs throughout the water column but is dominant below the surface layer

A

respiration

60
Q

the ability of water to support the production of living material

A

productivity

61
Q

low nutrient, low productivity environment

A

oligotrophic

62
Q

plentiful nutrients, high productivity environment

A

eutrophic

63
Q

too many nutrients which makes the environment clogged with plant life

A

dystrophic

64
Q

excess productivity; the process of becoming dystrophic; can result in suboxic or anoxic environments in deeper waters

A

eutrophication

65
Q

O2 is ______ at the surface, due to exchange with the _______ at variable temperatures and pressures, recent ______, and ______, which mixes bubbles down in ____ days

A

supersaturated, atmosphere, warming, bubble injection, windy

66
Q

O2 is ______ at depth due to _______, chemical ______, and no direct exchange with the _______

A

undersaturated, respiration, oxidation, atmosphere

67
Q

______ is the key factor in determining the extent and kinds of life in a body of water

A

dissolved oxygen

68
Q

the amount of O2 required to biologically degrade all organic matter and other reduced chemicals in a given volume of water

A

biochemical oxygen demand

69
Q

If BOD is high and _____ is low, water will become _____ or ______

A

O2 exchange, anoxic, suboxic

70
Q

the physical properties affecting life in water

A

temperature, transparency, turbulence

71
Q

surface layer in contact with the atmosphere, high O2 levels, PS occurs and chemicals are in oxidized states

A

epilimnion

72
Q

sheer plane between surface and bottom layers; a region of rapidly changing temperature

A

thermocline

73
Q

cool bottom layer with lower O2 levels, respiration, and chemicals in reduced states

A

Hypolimnion

74
Q

Brings O2 to deep and nutrients to the surface, and increases the productivity of lakes

A

mixing

75
Q

When a cloud of CO2 and other volcanic gases descend from a lake killing animals and livestock

A

limnic eruption

76
Q

The need to release gases slowly and continually so it does not erupt all at once; occurs naturally in shallower lakes through wind action or in temperate lakes with seasonal overturn, but not in deep lakes in wam climates

A

degasing

CHEM 301 (7 decks)

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