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Biology 192 > Lectures 5&6 > Flashcards

Lectures 5&6 Flashcards

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1
Q

Eukaryotes that do not have distinctive features of animals, plants, or fungi

A

Paraphyletic group

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2
Q

Fossils of protists are found in rocks that are ____ BYA. The first protists appeared after ___ became abundant in the atmosphere and oceans

A

1.8-1.5

oxygen

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3
Q

Protists that lived millions of years ago settled to the sea floor. Pressure and heat transformed them into ____ and ___

A

Petroleum

Natural Gas

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4
Q

Eukaryotes that do not have the distinctive features of animals, plants, or fungi

A

Protista

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5
Q

Characteristics of protista cell surface. Some with ____ only and others with ___ made of different material

A

plasma membrane

cell wall

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6
Q

Protista mechanisms of movement.

A

Motile or non-motile

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7
Q

Three types of motile appendages of protists

A

pseudopodia
flagella
cilia

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8
Q

Transient projections of the cytoplasm

A

Pseudopodia

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9
Q

Three types of protist body structure

A

Unicellular
Colonial
Multicellular

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10
Q

Most protists live in water, moist soil, or ____

A

moist interiors of other organisms

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11
Q

What are the 5 Types of asexual reproduction of protists

A 
Spores
Binary fission
Budding
Schizogony
Fragmentation
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12
Q

A haploid structure, usually unicellular, that can be dormant and eventually give origin to an adult organisms without fusion to another cell

A

Spore

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13
Q

What are the 3 types of sexual reproduction of protists

A

Haplontic (zygotic meiosis)
Diplontic (gametic meiosis)
Haplodiplontic (sporic meiosis, alternation of generations)

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14
Q

Animals and some protists have this life cycle. The only haploid cell in the cycle are the gametes. Only the diploid cell undergo mitosis. The gametes do not divide

A

Diplontic life cycle

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15
Q

Occurs in most fungi ad some protists. The only diploid cell in the cycle is the zygote. The dominant generation is the haploid generation. Only the haploid cells undergo mitosis.

A

Haplontic life cycle

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16
Q

Life cycle of most lats and some protists. Both diploid and haploid cells undergo mitosis.

A

Haplodiplontic life cycle

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17
Q

Protists are alike in that all ____

A

have a nucleus

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18
Q

Eukaryotes are divided into 6 monophyletic supergroups. Each supergroup includes ____. Each supergroup is a ____

A

protists

clade

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19
Q

A group of species that includes the ancestral species and all its descendants.

A

Clade

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20
Q

The classification of organisms is based on analysis of

A

DNA sequences

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21
Q

Unicellular with feeding grooves on the side of their bodies

A

Excavata

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22
Q

Lack functional mitochondria. Have two nuclei. Example is Giardia which causes diarrhea (hiker’s diarrhea)

A

Diplomonads

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23
Q

Lack functional mitochondria. Have undulating membranes. Example is Trichomonas vaginalis which causes inflammation of the vagina.

A

Parabasalids

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24
Q

Some Excavata live in the gut of termites and digest wood. Symbiotic relationship among three organisms:

A

The termite, the protist, and the bacteria that digest cellulose.

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25
Q

Have a rod inside their flagella

A

Euglenozoa

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26
Q

Unicellular with two flagella. Some photosynthetic with chlorophylls a and b and carotenoids. The chloroplasts derived from endosymbiosis of a green alga (secondary endosymbiosis)

A

Euglenoids

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27
Q

Some euglenoids may ingest food particles by phagocytosis and some are ____

A

heterotrophs

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28
Q

Euglenoids have protein bands beneath their plasma membrane called a

A

pellicle

29
Q

Euglenoids are considered to be part of ____

A

plankton

30
Q

Heterotrophic, only one mitochondrion, unicellular or colonial with at least one flagellum. Can be free living parasites. One example is Trypanosoma which causes sleeping sickness and Chagas.

A

Kinetoplastids

31
Q

Which characteristic is used to classify an organism within the Excavata?

A

Its DNA sequences are more similar to organisms within the Excavata than to those of organisms in other subgroups

32
Q

Chromalveolata is a supergroup that includes ___ and ____

A

Alveolata and Dinoflagellates

33
Q

Have alveoli vesicles beneath the plasma membrane which may increase their buoyancy

A

Alveolata

34
Q

Unicellular with two flagella. Many are photosynthetic with chlorophylls a and c and carotenoids. Have cellulose in their cell walls. Part of marine and fresh-water plankton

A

Dinoflagellates

35
Q

Certain dinoflagellates secrete ___

A

neurotoxins that can kill fish and birds (ex: red tides)

36
Q

Parasites of animals. Have a unique arrangement of organelles at one end of the cell (apical complex) that allows them to invade host cells

A

Apicomplexans

37
Q

An example of an Apicomplexan is ____ which causes malaria and is transmitted by mosquitoes

A

Plasmodium

38
Q

With malaria the parasite reaches the liver where it

A

reproduces and invades the RBC’s

39
Q

In the red blood cells the Plasmodium parasite multiplies and periodically

A

rupture RBC’s which is associated with fever and chills

40
Q

Unicellular, large number of cilia, two nuclei.

A

Ciliates

41
Q

The micronuclei of ciliates is involved in ___. The macronuclei contains ____

A

sexual reproduction

many copies of the gene

42
Q

Unicellular, chlorophylls a,c, and carotenoids, silica cell walls, Chrysolaminarin storage, marine and freshwater plankton

A

Chromalveolata: Stramenopila: Diatoms

43
Q

Multicellular, chlorophylls a, c, and carotenoids, marine environments

A

Chromalveolata: Stramenopila: Phaecophyta/Brown Algae

44
Q

Water molds, white rusts, downy mildew. Filamentous bodies that consist of hyphae. Cell walls with cellulose. Zoospores with two flagella. Heterotrophs: saprobes or parasites.

A

Chromalveolata: Stramenopila: Oomycota

45
Q

The supergroup
The chloroplasts originate from primary endosymbiosis of photosynthetic bacterium.
Include rhodophyta or red algae

A

Archaeplastids

46
Q 
Mainly multicellular
Chl a, phycoerithrin, and carotenoids
Cell walls with sulfated polysaccharides 
Used to make agar and carrageenan
Live in marine environments
A

Archaeplastids:Red algae

47
Q
  • Unicellular, colonial, or multicellular
  • Chl a, b, and carotenoids
  • Cellulosic cell walls
  • Starch is the storage polysaccharide
  • Mainly aquatic (marine or fresh water) some in moist terrestrial environment
A

Archaeplastida: Chlorophyta

48
Q

Green algae and diatoms are likely to be increasingly important for

A

food and fuel production

49
Q

Archaeplastida: Chlorophyta: Chlorella is commonly used as a

A

nutritional supplement and animal feed

50
Q

Archaeplastida: Charophyta: Green algae is commonly used as a ____

A

biofuel

51
Q
  • Unicellular, colonial, or multicellular
  • Chl a,b, and carotenoids
  • Cellulosic cell walls
  • Starch
  • Freshwater habitats
  • The group of algae that is most closely related to land plants
A

Archaeplastida: Charopytes

52
Q

The intercellular connections of Charophytes (plasmodesmata) are similar to those of _____

A

plants

53
Q

All land plants evolved from a species of ____

A

Charophytes

54
Q

In a marine env you find a photosynthetic organisms that is multicellular and has chloroplasts with 4 membranes. This organism is most likely a

A

Brown algae

55
Q

The one supergroup where the origin of the chloroplast is the result of primary endosymbiosis (chloroplast only has two membranes)

A

Archaeplastida

56
Q

In secondary endosymbiosis the chloroplast of organism will have ____ membranes

A

4

57
Q

-Threadlike pseudopodia used for movement and to trap food particles

A

Rhizaria

58
Q
  • Exoskeleton or wall is made of silica
  • Pseudopodia extrude through spike projections of the exoskeleton
  • Marine env part of the zooplankton
A

Rhizaria: Radiolarians

59
Q
  • Cell wall contains organic and inorganic materials
  • The pseudopodia emerge through the perforation of the exoskeleton
  • Marine env part of the sooplankton
A

Rhizaria: Foraminifera

60
Q
  • Difficult to define based on structural features
  • Some have silica-based shells others without them
  • Some with flagella
  • Abundant in the soil
  • Heterotrophic feeding on bacteria, fungi, and other protists
  • One group enslaved a green algae (secondary endosymbiosis)
A

Rhizaria: Cercozoa

61
Q

Lobe shaped pseudopodia, lack of cell walls

A

Amoebozoans

62
Q

___ and ___ are Unikonts the common ancestor had a single emergent flagellum. The characteristic of having flagellum has bee lost in many descendants is restricted only to a few cells in the life cycle

A

Amoebozoans and Opisthokonts

63
Q
  • Many species
  • Pseudopods
  • Asexual reproduction only
  • Marine, freshwater, or terrestrial
  • free living or parasitic
A

Amoebozoans: Amoebas

64
Q
  • life cycle contains unicellular and aggregate forms
  • unicellular amoeboid forms ingest bacteria
  • Lack of food can trigger aggregation as an aggregate they can move like a slug
A

Amoebozoan: Cellular slime molds

65
Q
  • the nucleus of the zygote divide several times without cytoplasmic division
  • This results in the formation of multinucleate structure known as a plasmodium which can move and ingest bacteria
A

Amoebozoa: Plasmodial slime mold

66
Q
  • single celled or form colonies during part of their life
  • have a single flagellum surrounded by a collar (choano)
  • flagellum is used for swimming and also beats bacteria through the collar for feeding
  • are the closest relatives to animals
  • Evidence: molecular data
  • Sponges (animals) have some cells that are very similar
A

Opisthokonta: Choanoflagellida

67
Q

Among the organisms listed our closest relatives are

  • green algae
  • oomycota
  • choanoflagellates
  • diatoms
  • apicomplexans
A

Choanoflagellates

68
Q 
Algae are primary producers in 
Part of \_\_\_
Symbiotic relationship with \_\_\_
Heterotrophic protists are part of the \_\_\_\_\_\_
Some protists cause \_\_\_\_
Some protists are \_\_\_\_
A 
aquatic ecosystems
phytoplankton
animals
zooplankton
disease
decomposers

Biology 192 (7 decks)

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