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Biology 192 > Chapter 29 > Flashcards

Chapter 29 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Bacteria that live within other cells and perform specific functions for their host cell

A

Endosymbiotic bacteria

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2
Q

Name two supporting evidences for the endosymbiotic theory

A

Both mitochondria and chloroplasts both contain their own DNA
Both replicate by binary fission not mitosis which supports their bacterial origin

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3
Q

Unlike plants, fungi, and animals protists are not ___

A

monophyletic

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4
Q

Protist cell surfaces are very diverse. Name 2 mentioned in the text

A

Amoebas - surrounded by plasma membrane

Diatoms -glassy shell

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5
Q

Protist movement is chiefly by ___ or ____

A

flagellar rotation

pseuopods

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6
Q

Protists that ingest visible particles of food by pulling them into intracellular vesicles called food vacuoles or phagosomes

A

Phagotrophs

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7
Q

Protists that ingest food in soluble form are called

A

osmotrophs

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8
Q

Protists that are both phototrophs and heterotrophs

A

mixotrophs

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9
Q

Asexual reproduction of protists involves ____ but often the nuclear membrane remains intact.

A

mitosis

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10
Q

When a cell splits into two halves after mitosis. Usually the daughter cell is smaller but later grows to full size

A

budding

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11
Q

When cell division is preceded by several nuclear divisions. This allows cytokinesis to produce several individuals almost simultaneously

A

schizogony

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12
Q

Some protists reproduce by the union of two haploid cells

A

Sexual reproduction

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13
Q

The great advantage of multicellularity is

A

it fosters specialization

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14
Q

___, ___, and ___ are grouped as Excavata based on cytoskeletal and DNA sequence similarities showing evolutionary relatedness. Most have a groove on the side of their bodies used for feeding.

A

Diplomonads
Parabasalids
Euglenozoans

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15
Q 
Unicellular
move with multiple flagella 
Lack mitochondria
Have two nucleii
Example is Giardia
A

Excavata: Diplomonads

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16
Q

Some live in the guts of termites and digest cellulose
Another example is the protist that causes the STD Trichomonas vaginalis
Have undulating membranes for locomotion
Lack mitochondria
Flagellated

A

Excavata: Parabasalids

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17
Q

Possess mitochondria
Some have chloroplasts others are heterotrophs
Some have the ability to become heterotrophs in the absence of light
Contain a pellicle
Reproduction occurs by mitosis

A

Excavata: Euglenozoa: Euglenids

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18
Q

Interlocking proteinaceous strips arranged in a helical pattern form a flexible structure

A

Pellicle

19
Q

Two flagella are attached, one is long and has a row of fine hairs along one side. A second shorter flagellum is located within the cell’s reservoir. Contains contractile vacuoles. Contains a light sensitive stigma that helps it move towards light. Contain many small chloroplasts.

A

Excavata: Euglenozoa: Euglena

20
Q
  • single mitochondria in each cell that contains two types of DNA
  • example is Trypanosome which causes sleeping sickness and Chagas disease
A

Excavata: Euglenozoa: Kinetoplastids

21
Q

Alveolates include ___, ___, and ____ all of which have a common lineage but diverse modes of locomotion

A

Dinoflagellates
Apicomplexans
Ciliates

22
Q

A second branch of Chromalveolates is the _____ including Brown Algae, Diatoms, and Oomycetes

A

Stramenopila

23
Q
  • most are photosynthetic
  • two flagella
  • live in marine and fresh water
  • encased in plates made with silica
  • have chlorophylls a and c and carotenoids
  • ex) red tide
  • reproduce mainly asexually but can reproduce sexually under starvation
A

Chromalveolata: Stramenopila: Dinoflagellates

24
Q
  • Spore-forming parasites of animals
  • have a unique arrangement of fibrils, microtubules, vacuoles, and organelles at one end of the cell
  • Example is Plasmodium which causes malaria
A

Chromalveolata: Alveolata: Apicomplexans

25
Q

Ciliates have a ____, a tough but flexible outer covering that enables them to squeeze through or move around obstacles

A

pellicle

26
Q

Divide by mitosis and are essential for the physiological function of the well known ciliate Paramecium

A

Macronucleus

27
Q

Used in ciliates for sexual reproduction

A

Micronucleus

28
Q

Like most ciliates, Paramecium undergoes sexual reproduction known as

A

conjugation

29
Q
  • photosynthetic
  • unicellular
  • double shells made of opaline silica
  • chlorophyll a, c, and carotenoids
A

Chromalveolata: Stramenopila: Diatoms

30
Q
  • Either a parasite or saprobes
  • Motile spores called zoospores with two unequal flagella
  • found in water and have terrestrial relatives
  • ex) Phytophthora infestans which caused the potato famine
A

Chromalveolata: Stramenopila: Oomycetes

31
Q
  • No flagella
  • Have both haploid and diploid life phases
  • Used as a thickener for ice cream and cosmetics
  • Commonly called red algae
A

Archaeplastida: Rhodophyta

32
Q
  • Lineage of green algae
  • Have an extensive fossil record
  • Chlorophylls a, b, and carotenoids
A

Archaeplastida: Chlorophytes

33
Q
  • Unicellular chlorophytes
  • two flagella at the anterior end
  • haploid
  • reproduce asexually and sexually
  • able to retract its flagella and settle as an immobile organism if its habitat dries out
A

Archaeplastida: Chlorophytes: Chlamydomonas

34
Q

a hollow sphere made up of a single later of 500-60000 cells each having two flagella. Only a small number of the cells are reproductive.

A

Archaeplastida: Chlorophytes: Volvox

35
Q

A multicellular chlorophyte that has identical gametophyte and sporophyte generations that consist of flattened sheets two cells thick.

A

Archaeplastida: Chlorophytes: Ulva

36
Q

Evidence from rRNA and DNA sequences favors ___ as the green algal clade most closely related to land plants

A

Charophytes

37
Q

Use pseudopods for locomotion but are distinct from the Amoebozoans

A

Rhizaria

38
Q
  • Secrete glassy exoskeletons made of silica
  • Unicellular
  • Radial or bilateral symmetry
A

Rhizaria: Radiolarians

39
Q
  • Heterotrophic
  • Marine protists
  • Resemble tiny snails
  • Responsible for lime stone deposits
  • Their small shells are called tests
  • Have small cytoplasmic projections called podia
A

Rhizaria: Foraminifera

40
Q
  • Primarily soil protists
  • Rely on flagella or pseudopods
  • May have ingested a green alga as recently as 60MYA
A

Rhizaria: Cercozoa

41
Q
  • Move using a pseudopod
  • Found in soil and fresh water
  • Few are human pathogens
A

Amoebozoa: Amoebozoa

42
Q

A non-walled multinucleate mass of cytoplasm that resembles a moving mass of slime

A

Plasmodium

43
Q

The structure in which spores of Plasmodium are porduced

A

sporangium

44
Q

Fungi and animals are more closely related to each other than to plants because they share a common ancestor which leads them to be grouped as

A

Opisthokonta

Biology 192 (7 decks)

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