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Biology 192 > Lectures 3&4 > Flashcards

Lectures 3&4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Very rapid rates of cell division with generation times between 20 min and 3 hrs

A

binary fission

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2
Q

The most common source of genetic variation

A

mutations

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3
Q

Genes are taken up from the surrounding environment

A

Transformation

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4
Q

Transfer of genes between prokaryotes via pilus

A

Conjugation

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5
Q

Genes are transferred between prokaryotes by viruses

A

Transduction

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6
Q

Transformation, conjugation, and transduction can lead to

A

horizontal gene transfer (not from mother cell to daughter cell but from cells that are not related to each other)

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7
Q 
A process that does NOT occur in bacteria 
Mutation
Chemotaxis
Meiosis
Transduction
Conjugation
A

Meiosis

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8
Q

If a nonpathogenic bacterium were to acquire resistance to ABX, could this strain pose a health risk to people?

A

Yes, it could transfer ABX resistance genes to a pathogenic bacteria via horizontal gene transfer

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9
Q

Obtain energy from light and carbon from CO2

ex) Cyanobacteria

A

Photoautotrophs

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10
Q

Obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic molecules and carbon from CO2
ex) Sulfobus (archaea)

A

Chemolithoautotrophs

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11
Q

Obtain energy from light and carbon from organic molecules

A

Photoheterotrophs

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12
Q

Obtain energy and carbon from organic molecules

A

Chemoheterotrophs

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13
Q

decomposers that absorb nutrients from dead organic matter, recyclers of the biosphere

A

Saprobes

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14
Q

Absorb nutrients from living organisms

A

Parasites

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15
Q

Symbiotic relationship that is beneficial to both organisms

A

Mutualism

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16
Q 
Which mode of nutrition is unique to prokaryotes 
Photoautotrophs
Chemolithotrophs
Photoheterotrophs
Chemoheterotrophs
A

Chemolithotrophs

Photoheterotrophs

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17
Q

Prokaryotes that require oxygen

A

Obligate aerobes (salmonella)

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18
Q

Prokaryotes that use oxygen if it is present but can grow without it

A

Facultative anaerobes (E.coli)

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19
Q

Prokaryotes that are poisoned by oxygen

A

Obligate anaerobes (methanogens)

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20
Q

Key steps in the cycle of nitrogen are performed by prokaryotes

A

Nitrogen cycling

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21
Q

All organisms need nitrogen for

A

making amino acids to build proteins

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22
Q

Only some bacteria convert N2 in the air into

A

forms that can be used by other organisms

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23
Q

N2 –> NH3 –> NO2 –> NO3–> N2 performed by

A

Chemolithoautotrophs

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24
Q

Some prokaryotes invade the tissue of a host organisms

A

Tuberculosis (lungs)

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25
Q

Some prokaryotes produce exotoxins

A

Botulism (botox: paralyzes the muscles)

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26
Q

Some prokaryotes produce endotoxins (toxin is not released from the cell but is apart of the cell)

A

Salmonella

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27
Q

Prokaryotes can naturally aid in bioremediation

A

Decomposers

28
Q

Prokaryotes can fix nitrogen in the air into a form that plants can absorb

A

Nitrogen metabolism

29
Q

Prokaryotes called ____ are photosynthesizing microscopic organisms that inhabit the upper layer of oceans and bodies of fresh water

A

phytoplankton

30
Q

The oldest group of organisms ad the most abundant on earth

A

Prokaryotes

31
Q

The origin of earth is 4.6 billion years ago, the first prokaryotes arrived ____

A

3.8-3.5 BYA

32
Q

Classification of prokaryotes is based on ____

A

molecular approaches

33
Q

One common approach for classifying prokaryotes is to compare the nucleotide sequence of genes that code for ____

A

ribosomal RNA, organisms with more nucleotides in common are more closely related

34
Q

Most prokaryotes have not been cultured and many are being discovered from ____

A

DNA sequence data

35
Q

Unicellular
Lack organelles
Lack a nuclear envelope
Circular molecule of DNA

A

Prokaryotes

36
Q

Cell walls with peptidoglycan
One type of RNA polymerase
Genes without introns

A

Eubacteria

37
Q

Cell walls without peptidoglycan
More than one RNA polymerase
Some genes with introns

A

Archaea

38
Q

Archaea that live in anaerobic conditions: marshes, intestines of animals

A

Methanogens

39
Q

Archaea that live in extreme high or low temps, high salt, or high pressure

A

Extremophiles

40
Q

Eukaryotic cells are generally ____ in diameter

Prokaryotic cells are ____ in diameter

A

10-100 um

1-5 um

41
Q

What are the three shapes of prokaryotic cells

A

coccus- sphere
bacilli - rod
spirilla - hellical

42
Q

Some species of prokaryotic cells tend to ____

A

aggregate transiently (aggregate and then separate)

43
Q

Bacteria adhere to each other and to a surface via a polysaccharide matrix

A

Biofilms

44
Q

Permanent aggregates of cells, that are identical, contain two or more specialized cell types

A

True colonies

45
Q

In colonies if the cells separate then they CAN ____

A

survive

46
Q

cell shape, physical protection, and prevents bursting of prokaryotic cells

A

cell wall

47
Q

Have cell walls composed of peptidoglycan

A

Eubacteria

48
Q

_____ bacteria tend to be more pathogenic

A

Gram negative

49
Q

A rather rigid layer outside the cell wall. Formed by proteins and glycoproteins. Functions in protection and adhesion

A

S-layer

50
Q

Gelatinous layer outside the cell wall. More common in Eubacteria. Protects the bacteria against host defenses and glue cells together.

A

Capsule

51
Q

The capsule is important for the formation of ____ and ___

A

biofilms

bacterial colonies

52
Q

Surface appendages that help the bacteria to attach to various surfaces such as the surface of the host or to another bacteria

A

Pili/pilus

53
Q

Prokaryotic ____ is thinner than that of eukaryotes and is made of the protein flagellin. About half of prokaryotes can move through the use of this appendage.

A

Flaggela

54
Q

Some flagellated prokaryotes can move towards or away from a particular stimulus

A

Chemotaxis

55
Q

In many bacteria infolded regions of the plasma membrane participate in ___ and ____

A

respiration and photosynthesis

56
Q

The internal membranes of prokaryotes are folded because (2 reasons)

A

increased surface area to perform the task

proton gradients form across the spaces and produce ATP

57
Q

The plasma membranes of archaea differ from those of bacteria and eukarya

A

Form monolayer

Diff bonds

58
Q

A double stranded DNA molecule in the form of a ring

A

Genome

59
Q

Small rings of bacterial DNA. Can confer bacterial ABX resistance or the ability to use certain nutrients.

A

Plasmids

60
Q

Smaller than in eukaryotes and also differ in protein and RNA content

A

Ribosomes

61
Q

Differences between Eukaryotes and Archaea

3 things

A

Types of RNA polymerases
Plasma membrane structure
Cell wall structure

62
Q

Cells of prokaryotes are haploid which means they

A

cannot have meiosis

63
Q

In eukaryotic organisms the enzymes for cellular respiration are located within the mitochondria. In prokaryotic organisms some of these enzymes are attached to

A

enfolded regions of the plasma membrane

64
Q

Very rapid rates of cell division with generation times between 20 min and 3 hrs

A

Binary fission

65
Q

Replication of the bacterial chromosome. The daughter chromosomes bind to the plasma membrane. Cell growth results in the separation of chromosomes. The plasma membrane and the cell wall grow inward. Formation of 2 daughter cells.

A

Binary fission

66
Q

Under unfavorable conditions many bacteria can form ___ which consists of bacterial chromosomes surrounded by a thick wall

A

Endospores

Biology 192 (7 decks)

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