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Biology 192 > Lecture 7&8 > Flashcards

Lecture 7&8 Flashcards

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1
Q

Fungi are heterotrophs. They secrete ___ that break down _____ into simpler compounds that the fungi absorb

A

enzymes

organic molecules

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2
Q

Fungi are __ or ___ They absorb nutrients from nonliving material

A

decomposers or saprobes

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3
Q

Some fungi are ___ they absorb nutrients from the cells of living hosts

A

parasitic

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4
Q

Some fungi are ____ they absorb nutrients from a living host but they reciprocate with functions beneficial to their partners

A

mutualistic

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5
Q

Multicellular fungi consist of long slender filaments called ____. Some are continuous others are divided by septa

A

hyphae

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6
Q

___ fungi consist of long slender filaments called hyphae. Some hyphae are continuous others are divided by seta

A

Multicellular

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7
Q

Hypha without septa are ____ while those with septa can have one or two nuclei per cell

A

multinucleate

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8
Q

Many hyphae form a

A

mycelium

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9
Q

All fungi have the presence of cell walls composed of

A

chitin

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10
Q

The separation of chromosomes occurs within the nucleus first, without disassembly of the nuclear membrane

A

Nuclear mitosis

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11
Q

Most fungi propagate by producing large number of spores either ___ or _____

A

asexually or sexually

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12
Q

1 cell
haploid
can divide through mitosis
unicellular in most cases

A

spores

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13
Q

Most fungi have a haplontic life cycle this means

A

the haploid generation is dominant

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14
Q

Fusion of the cytoplasm between hyphae of different mating types

A

Plasmogamy

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15
Q

During the ____ phase each cell has two nuclei that are genetically different

A

Dikaryotic (the extent of this stage varies among different phyla of fungi)

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16
Q

Fusion of nuclei which produces a zygote ( the zygote undergoes meiosis and produces sexual spores (n)

A

Karyogamy

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17
Q

Which of the following is FALSE about fungi

  • THey are heterotrophic
  • Some are unicellular
  • They decompose organic matter
  • Most fungi have a diplontic life cycle
  • Fungi have nuclear mitosis
A

Most have a diplontic life cycle – this is not true they have a haplontic life cycle

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18
Q

____ descended from an aquatic, single-celled, flagellated protist

A

Fungi

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19
Q

Fungi live in many env from the tundra to the tropics and _____ envs

A

terrestrial

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20
Q

study fungi, estimate that there are about 1,5 million fungal species

A

mycologists

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21
Q

Kingdom fungi is divided into ____ phyla

A

8

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22
Q
  • Obligate, intracellular, animal parasites
  • Unicellular
  • Long thought to be protists
  • Lack mitochondria their ancestors lost the mitochondria
A

Microsporidia

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23
Q
  • non flagellated zoospores
  • some have a haplodiplontic life cycle
  • Saprobes or parasites
  • Live in soil or water
A

Blastocladiomycetes

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24
Q

Most are aquatic
Have flagellated spores called zoospores
SOme species form a mycelium others are unicellular
Some are saprobes others are parasites of protists, plants, or animals

A

Chytridiomycota

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25
Q

Digest plant biomass in mammalian herbivore rumens . Mammalian herbivores depends on fungi for sufficient calories

A

Neocallimastigomycota

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26
Q

___ brought cellulase gene from bacteria into Neocallimastix genome

A

Horizontal gene transfer

27
Q

What is the best match between a phylum of fungi and a characteristic/event that applies to them

A

Neocallimastigomycota

Digest cellulose in the rumen

28
Q

Commonly known as the bread molds and commonly cause fruit rot

A

Zygomycota

29
Q

Asexual reproduction of zygomycota occurs via the formation of ____

A

sporangia

30
Q

Sexual reproduction of zygomycota occurs when mycelia of different strains come in contact and form ____

A

gametangia

31
Q

The gametangia of zygomycota contains several haploid nuclei and undergo ___ to form a zygosporangium

A

plasmogamy

32
Q

When conditions are favorable the zygosporangium germinates and ____

A

meiosis occurs resulting in the formation of spores

33
Q
  • A tiny group of monophyletic fungi
  • Only asexual reproduction
  • Form intracellular associations with plant roots called arbuscular mycorrhizae
  • More than 200,000 species of plants form associations with this fungi
  • they help plants to absorb water and nutrients particularly phosphorus
A

Glomeromycota

34
Q
  • Consists of mushrooms, toadstools, puffballs,

- Asexual reproduction sometimes occurs but fragmentation of hyphae or formation of spores

A

Basidiomycota

35
Q

Asexual reproduction of Basidiomycota. Mycelia of different strains undergo plasmogamy resulting in a ____

A

heterokaryotic stage

36
Q

The heterokaryotic stage of Basidiomycota forms a _____

A

basidiocarp (mushroom) with gills and basidia

37
Q

Occurs in the basidia resulting in the formation of zygotes

A

Karyogamy

38
Q

In Basidiomycota the zygote undergoes ___ leading to the formation of ____ (n)

A

meiosis

basidiospores

39
Q

Basidiomycota are mainly saprobes but some obtain C from a

A

living hosts

40
Q

Uses for mushrooms mentioned in lecture

A

Edible mushrooms
Poisonous mushrooms
Hallucinogenic mushrooms

41
Q

Agaricus bisporus (mushroom)

A

edible mushroom

42
Q

Amanita phalloides (mushroom)

A

death cap mushroom, poisonous

43
Q

How is the death cap mushroom poisonous

A

The Amatoxins inhibit mRNA synthesis

44
Q

Amanita muscaria (fly agaric) (mushroom)

A

Hallucinogenic mushroom

45
Q

Rust and smuts are _____ of Basidiomycota

A

plant pathogens

46
Q

This phylum includes morels, cup fungi, and some yeasts

A

Ascomycota

47
Q

Asexual reproduction of Ascomycota occurs via the formation of ____

A

conidiophores

48
Q

Sexual reproduction of Ascomycota. Mycelia of different strains undergo plasmogamy resulting in a _____ stage

A

heterokaryotic

49
Q

The heterokaryotic stage of Ascomycota form an ____ with ___ where karyogamy occurs to form a zygote

A

ascocarp

asci

50
Q

The Ascomycota zygote undergoes meiosis resulting in the formation of ____

A

ascospores(n)

51
Q

Ascomycota are mainly saprobes but some obtain C and energy from ____

A

a living host

52
Q

Example of Ascomycota. They develop entirely underground in association with the roots of some trees (oak and hazlenut)

A

Truffles

53
Q

Example of Ascomycota. This fungus contaminates the grains of rye and other cereals. Contains many toxic metabolites that cause constriction of blood vessels resulting in gangrene,

A

Ergot

54
Q

Example of Ascomycota. This fungus produces aflotoxins (carcinogenic) in corn and peanuts

A

A. flavus

55
Q

Example of Ascomycota. This fungus causes ringworm and athlete’s foot.

A

Tinea

56
Q

Very important example of Ascomycota. Asexual reproduction is by binary fission or budding. Many have sexualreproductions

A

Yeast (S. cerevisiae)

57
Q

S. cerevisiae (yeast) is a facultative ____

A

anaerobe

58
Q

In the presence of oxygen S. cerevisiae oxidizes ___

Under anaerobic conditions it ferments ____

A

sugars to CO2

sugar into alcohol

59
Q

Pathogenic yeasts.Candida causes various types of

A

yeast infections

60
Q

What are three mutualistic associations of fungi discussed in lecture

A

Neocallimastigomycota and ruminants
A. mycorrhizae and plants
Some fungi and ant colonies (food source)

61
Q

A lichen is a symbiotic relationship between ____

A

a photosynthetic organism held in a mesh of fungal hyphae

62
Q

The photosynthetic component of lichen is

A

cyanobacteria or unicellular green algae

63
Q

The fungal component of lichen is

A

an ascomycota or basidiomycota

Biology 192 (7 decks)

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