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Biology 192 > Chapter 28 > Flashcards

Chapter 28 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The Italian physician who suggested that disease was caused by unseen organisms in 1546

A

Girolamo Fracatoro

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2
Q

The first to observe and accurately describe microbial life

A

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

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3
Q

French microbiologist who refuted the controversy over spontaneous generation

A

Louis Pasteur

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4
Q

German physician who studied anthrax and was able to determine the causative agent

A

Robert Koch

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5
Q

Koch’s postulates

  1. The microorganism must be present in ____ and absent in ____
  2. The causative agent must be ____
  3. The same disease must result when ___
  4. The same microorganisms must be ____
A
  1. must be present in every case of the disease and absent in healthy individuals
  2. Isolated and grown in a pure culture
  3. When the cultured microorganism is used to infect a healthy host
  4. Isolated again from the diseased host
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6
Q

The oldest, structurally simplest, and most abundant forms of life. The only organisms with prokaryotic cellular organization.

A

Archaea and bacteria

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7
Q

Unicellularity

A

Prokaryotes are fundamentally single celled

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8
Q

In their natural environments most bacteria appear to be capable of forming a complex community of different species called a ___

A

Biofilm

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9
Q

Cell size

A

Most prokaryotic cells are only 1 micrometer or less in diameter, they are very small

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10
Q

Nucleoid

A

Prokaryotes lack a membrane bound nucleus and instead usually have a singular circular chromosome

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11
Q

Flagella

A

Prokaryotic flagella are composed of a single fiber. Bacterial flagella are also more rigid and spin like a propellar

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12
Q

Metabolic diversity

A

Prokaryotes are the only chemolithoautotrophic organisms meaning they use inorganic molecules to make carbohydrates

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13
Q

Name the four key areas that Archaea and Bacteria differ

A

Plasma membranes
Cell wall
DNA replication
Gene expression

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14
Q

Archaen plasma membrane lipids are composed of _____ linked to ______ by ether linkages, not the ester linkages seen in bacteria and eukaryotes

A

glycerol linked to hydrocarbon chains by ether linkages

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15
Q

The cell wall of bacteria are constructed minimally of ___ which is formed from carbohydrate polymers linked together

A

Peptidoglycan

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16
Q

The cell walls of archaea lack peptidoglycan although some have ____ which is similar in structure and function

A

Pseudomurein

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17
Q

Archael initiation of DNA replication is similar to that of ___

A

eukaryotes

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18
Q

In terms of gene expression, archaea may have more than one ____. Some of the translation machinery is also more similar to that of eukaryotes

A

RNA polymerase

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19
Q

Molecular approaches to classification of Prokaryotes

  1. the analysis of ______ of key proteins
  2. The analysis of ____ by establishing a percent of G and C
  3. ______ the mixing of single-stranded DNA from two species and determining the amount of base pairing
  4. ___ and ____ sequencing, especially looking at ribosomal RNA
  5. Whole ____ sequencing
A
  1. the amino acid sequence of key proteins
  2. nucleic acid-base sequences by establishing the percent of G and C
  3. Nucleic acid hybridization
  4. gene and RNA
  5. genome
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20
Q

Developed the three-domain system of phylogeny

A

Carl Woese

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21
Q

The study of prokaryotic organisms was first made possible by

A

microscopes

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22
Q

Early microbiology grew from the study of

A

disease-causing agents

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23
Q

Bacteria and archaea are clearly different based on both ___ and ____

A

structure and metabolism

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24
Q

Classification of prokaryotes had been based on ___ and it has now been aided by the use of ____

A

physical characteristics

DNA analysis

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25
Q

A vast number of prokaryotes have not been studied because

A

they cannot be cultured

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26
Q

Most prokaryotes exhibit one of the three basic shapes

A

bacilli, cocci, and spirals

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27
Q

one or several of these structures may be found on the outer surface of many prokaryotes, used to propel the organisms in a fluid environment

A

Flagella

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28
Q

Minimally the prokaryotic cell wall consists of ____ which is important for structure because it maintains the shape of the cell and prevents it from swelling and rupturing in hypotonic solutions

A

peptidoglycan

29
Q

Have a thick layer of peptidoglycan and stain a purple color

A

Gram-positive

30
Q

Contain less peptidoglycan and do not retain the purple dye. Can be stained with a red counter stain and then appear dark pink

A

Gram negative

31
Q

In some bacteria and archaea an additional protein layer forms a rigid paracrystalline surface called a _____. Often involves adhesion to surfaces or protections

A

S-layer

32
Q

In some bacteria an additional gelatinous layer called a ___ surrounds the other wall layers. Enables the cell to adhere to surfaces and other cells and to evade an immune response.

A

Capsule

33
Q

Other hairlike structures that occur on the cells of some gram-negative prokaryotes, they are more important in adhesion than in movement, they also play a role in the exchange of genetic information

A

pili

34
Q

Some prokaryotes are able to form a thick wall around their genome and a small portion of cytoplasm when they are exposed to environmental stress, When conditions improve they can germinate and return to normal cell division

A

Endospore

35
Q

Many prokaryotes possess invaginated regions of the plasma membrane that function in respiration or photosynthesis

A

Internal membranes

36
Q

Prokaryotes lack nuclei and generally do not possess linear chromosomes. Instead their genes are encoded in a single double stranded ring of DNA that is highly condensed to form a visible region of the cell called the

A

Nucleoid region

37
Q

Prokaryotic __ are smaller than those of eukaryotes and differ in protein and RNA content

A

ribosomes

38
Q

Horizontal gene transfer that occurs when genes move from one cell to another

A

conjugation

39
Q

Conjugation performed by viruses

A

transduction

40
Q

Some plasmids can be trasnferred from one cell to another via conjugation. The best known plasmid capable of transfer is

A

F plasmid or fertility factor

41
Q

Acts as an independent genetic entity that nevertheless depends on the cell for replicaiton

A

Plasmid

42
Q

When the F plasmid is integrated into the chromosome, the cell is called an

A

Hfr cell (high frequency of recombination)

43
Q

Genes close to the origin of transfer are transferred __ and this far from the origin are transferred ___

A

earlier

later

44
Q

Can be used to determine if new isolated mutations are alleles of known genes

A

Merodiploids

45
Q

The uptake of DNA directly from the environment

A

transformation

46
Q

Some conjugative plasmids pick up antibiotic resistance genes becoming

A

R plasmids

47
Q

DNA can be exchanged by conduction via ___ by transduction via ___ and by transformation through ___

A

plasmids
viruses
the direct uptake of DNA from the environment

48
Q

The different forms of DNA exchange can be used to

A

map genes

49
Q

Variation in prokaryotes also arises through

A

mutation

50
Q

Extensive use of antibiotics has led to selection for

A

resistant organisms

51
Q

Many bacteria carry out photosynthesis, using the energy of sunlight to build organic molecules from carbon dioxide. These are called ____

A

Photoautotrophs

52
Q

Some prokaryotes obtain energy by oxidizing inorganic substances and are called ____

A

chemolithoautotrophs

ex: nitrifiers

53
Q

Purple and green nonsulfur bacteria use light as a source of energy but obtain carbon from organic molecules produced by other organisms and are called

A

Photoheterotrophs

54
Q

The majority of prokaryotes obtain both carbon atoms and energy from organic molecules and are called

A

Chemoheterotrophs

55
Q

Some bacteria can attack other cells directly. The invading pathogen Yersinia (bubonic plague) secretes proteins that contain a special signal that allows them to pass through the bacterium’s double membrane like a syringe and into the cytoplasm of host cells. This system is known as

A

Type III system

56
Q

Almost every kind of plant is susceptible to one or more kinds of bacterial disease including ___,____, and ____

A

blights
soft rots
wilts

57
Q

One of the oldest known infections. Afflicts the respiratory system and thwarts the immune system. Easily transmitted through the air

A

Tuberculosis

58
Q

What is the treatment for TB?

A

Multiple expensive ABX for 6-12 months

59
Q

Tooth decay is caused by the bacteria present in plaque

A

S. sobrinus and S. mutans

60
Q

Many STD’s are caused by bacteria three important examples are

A

gonorrhea
syphilis
chlamydia

61
Q

Prokaryotes and fungi that carry out the decomposition portion of chemical cycles releasing a dead organism’s atoms to the environment

A

Decomposers

62
Q

Prokaryotes that return elements from inorganic forms to organic forms that heterotrophic organisms can use

A

Fixation

63
Q

Plants, algae, and photosynthetic prokaryotes produce organic compounds from CO2. Are responsible for the oxygen in the earth’s atmosphere

A

Carbon fixers

64
Q

A few species of prokaryotes are able to reduce nitrogen gas in the air into ammonia which is used to build amino acids

A

Nitrogen fixers

65
Q

In aquatic environments nitrogen fixation is carried out by ____. In soil it is carried out by ____

A

cyanobacteria/heterocysts

bacteria that live in the roots of plants

66
Q

Many bacteria live within the digestive tracts of animals providing nutrients to their hosts

A

mutualism

67
Q

Many bacteria inhabit outer surfaces of other animals ad plants without doing damage

A

Commensalism

68
Q

The use of organisms to remove pollutants from water, air, and soil
Ex: breakdown of sewage by bacteria in sewage treatment plants, methane produced is harnessed for heat energy

A

bioremediation

69
Q

The addition of nutrients to encourage the growth of naturally occurring microbes that can degrade crude oil sills

A

Biostimulation

Biology 192 (7 decks)

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