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Human Physiology 1 > Lectures 3 & 4 JUST Terms > Flashcards

Lectures 3 & 4 JUST Terms Flashcards

1
Q

Fluid Compartment

A

2 main fluid compartments:

(1) the EXTRAcellular fluid (ECF) outside the cells &
(2) the INTRAcellular fluid (ICF) within the cells
- the dividing wall b/t ECF & ICF is the cell membrane
- the extracellular fluid subdivides further into PLASMA, the fluid portion of the blood, & INTERSTITIAL FLUID, which surrounds most cells of the body

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2
Q

Extracellular

A

outside the cells

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3
Q

Intracellular

A

within the cells

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4
Q

Interstitial

A

which surrounds most cells of the body

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5
Q

Plasma

A

the fluid portion of the blood

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6
Q

Butter Sandwich

A

early model of the cell membrane structure

  • a clear layer of lipids sandwiched b/t 2 dark layers of protein
  • NOT accurate b/c it implies that it is homogenous
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7
Q

Fluid Mosaic

A

present day model of the cell membrane structure

  • proteins are afloat on a sea of lipid
  • membrane composed of phospholipid bilayer with proteins inserted wholly or partially into the bilayer
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8
Q

Glycolipids

A

molecule that is a combination of carbohydrate & lipid

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9
Q

Phospholipids

A

diglycerides with phosphate attached to the single carbon that lacks a fatty acid

  • a derivative of glycerides
  • are amphipathic molecules
  • several different varieties: (R-group, saturation)
  • polar head groups towards aqueous sides, non-polar fatty acid tails inside
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10
Q

Cholesterol

A

flat molecule, slips b/t fatty acid tails
- a steroid that serves as the basis for steroid hormones; also a key component of membranes

what it does:

  1. regulates membrane fluidity
  2. slows diffusion of molecules across membranes
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11
Q

Sphingolipids

A
  • have fatty acid tails (like phospholipids) but their heads may be either phospholipids or glycolipids
  • have longer tails than phopholipids
  • tend to aggregate together = lipid rafts
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12
Q

Integral

A

are permanently attached (tightly bounded) to the cell membrane
- can be polytopic, bitopic, or monotopic

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13
Q

Peripheral

A

attached to one side of membrane by non-covalent interactions; weak
- associate non-covalently with integral proteins, or polar heads of phospholipids

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14
Q

Lipid-anchored

A

some of these proteins are covalently bound to lipid tails that insert themselves into the bilayer

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15
Q

Cytoskeletal

A

not a membrane protein, but often interact with membrane proteins
- flexible skeleton of fibrous proteins throughout the cytoplasm (give physical strength)

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16
Q

Extracellular Matrix

A

membrane proteins & secreted protein found on the extracellular side of membranes

  • forms a “husk” around cells
  • highly variable glycosylation
  • contribute to physical strength of cells
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17
Q

Lipid Raft

A

sphingolipids tend to aggregate together = lipid rafts

  • rafts also have a high density of cholesterol
  • some proteins associate ONLY with lipid rafts, leading to areas of SPECIALIZATION on cell membranes
  • for ex: some G-protein coupled receptors
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18
Q

Transmembrane Domain (=membrane spanning domain)

A

are regions of a protein that are hydrophobic, so that they prefer to be inserted into the cell membrane such that the parts of the protein on either side of the domain are on opposite sides of the membrane. ?

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19
Q

Diffusion/Osmosis

A

diffusion: process of moving solute molecules away from an area of high concentration towards area of low concentration
osmosis: is the diffusion of water

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20
Q

Protein Mediated Transport

A

the vast majority of solutes cross membranes with the help of membrane proteins, a process we call mediated transport

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21
Q

Vesicular Transport

A

the resulting vesicle attaches to microtubules in the cell’s cytoskeleton & is moved across the cell by this process
- don’t go into it in class

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22
Q

Concentration gradient

A

a difference in the concentration of a substance b/t 2 places

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23
Q

Kinetic Energy

A

the energy of motion

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24
Q

Electrochemical Gradient

A

the combined concentration & electrical gradients for an ion

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25
Q

Osmotic Pressure

A

is the pressure that must be applied to oppose osmosis

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26
Q

Hyperosmotic

A

if solution A has a higher osmolarity (contains more particles per unit volume, is more concentrated) than solution B, we say that solution A is hyperosmotic to solution B

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27
Q

Hypoosmotic

A

solution B, with fewer osmoles per unit, is hyposmotic to solution A

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28
Q

Isoosmotic

A

if 2 solutionss contain the same # of solute particles per unit volume, we say that the solutions are isosmotic

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29
Q

Hypertonic

A

if the cell loses water & shrinks at equilibrium

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30
Q

Hypotonic

A

if a cell placed in the solution gains water at equilibrium & swells

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31
Q

Isotonic

A

if the cell in the solution does not change size at equilibrium

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32
Q

Penetrating Solute

A

if the solute particles (ions or molecules) can enter the cell

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33
Q

Non-Penetrating Solute

A

particles that cannot cross the cell membrane

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34
Q

Channel

A

is a water filled pore

- can open to both sides (directly link intracellular & extracellular compartments)

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35
Q

Pore

A

both membranes of the envelope are pierced here & there by round holes

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36
Q

Carrier

A

NEVER form an open channel b/t the 2 sides of the membrane

- bind to the substrate that they carry

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37
Q

Symport

A

2 molecules are transported across the membrane simultaneously across the cell membrane in the same direction
- type of carrier protein

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38
Q

Antiport

A

moving more than 1 solute molecule, but is moving them in opposite directions

  • using ATP
  • type of carrier protein
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39
Q

Uniport

A

allows a single molecule of glucose to move across a membrane (in 1 direction)
- type of carrier protein

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40
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

is defined as moving a molecule across the cell membrane via a carrier protein, & the transport does not require energy other than the concentration gradient

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41
Q

Primary Active Transport

A
  • uses ATP
  • establishes gradients
  • sometimes called pumps
  • Na+/K+/ATPase is the most widely known ex, but there are others
  • Ca2+ ATPase
  • H+ ATPase
  • H+/K+ ATPase
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42
Q

Secondary Active Transport

A
  • does NOT directly utilize ATP as a source of energy
  • instead, uses the concentration gradient of 1 molecule/ion to move another against its gradient (acts as energy source)
  • Na+-glucose secondary active transporter is a good ex: SGLT-protein
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43
Q

ATPase

A
  • b/c primary active transport uses ATP as its energy source, many primary active transporters are known as ATPases
  • the suffix -ase signifies an enzyme, & the stem (ATP) is the substrate upon which the enzyme is acting
  • these enzymes hydrolyze ATP to ADP & inorganic phosphate (Pi), releasing usable energy in the process
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44
Q

Epithelial Transport of Glucose

A

movement of material from one side of an epithelium to the other

  • utilizes:
  • facilitated diffusion
  • primary active transport
  • secondary active transport
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45
Q

Specificity

A

the ability of an enzyme or receptor to bind to a particular molecule or a group of closely related molecules

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46
Q

Competition

A

the property of competition is closely related to specificity

  • a transporter may move several members of a related group of substrates, but those substrates compete with one another for binding sites on the transporter
  • ex:
  • GLUT transporter has a “preference” for one or more hexoses, based on its binding affinity
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47
Q

Saturation

A

all active sites on a given amount of protein are filled with substrate & rxn rate

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48
Q

Affinity

A

the degree to which a protein is attracted to its ligand

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49
Q

Agonist

A

a ligand that binds to a protein binding site & ALTERS the state of the protein, resulting in a biological response
- a hormone or neurotransmitter or a drug for example

  • can be a drug that mimic a neurotransmitter & in that case consider it an agonist
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50
Q

Antagonist

A

a ligand that REDUCES the action of an agonist (i.e. binds but causes NO biological response)
- also called inhibitors, blockers

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51
Q

Tight Junction

A

cell-to-cell junction in epithelia that does not allow much movement of material b/t the cells

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52
Q

Absorption

A

transfer of substances from the lumen of the kidney or gastrointestinal tract to the extracellular space

53
Q

Active Transport

A

is the process of moving molecules across a cellular membrane through the use of cellular energy.

54
Q

Apical

A

the edge of the epithelial tissue facing the lumen or the external environment is called the apical surface. ?

55
Q

Aquaporin

A

family of membrane water channels

- can aid in moving H20 (a small uncharged polar molecule) across cell membrane

56
Q

ATP-Gated K+ Channel or KATP Channel

A

channel that closes when the ATP/ADP ratio increases

57
Q

Basolateral (membrane/surface)

A

the sides of transporting epithelial cells that face the extracellular fluid

58
Q

Blood Plasma

A

the liquid matrix of blood, is 25% of the ECF volume

59
Q

Carrier Proteins

A

membrane protein that binds to the molecule it transports

- NEVER form an open channel b/t the 2 sides of the membrane

60
Q

Channel Proteins

A

a membrane protein that forms water-filled channels to link intracellular & extracellular compartments
- a water filled pore - can open to both sides

61
Q

Chemical Disequilibrium

A

although the overall concentrations of the ECF & intracellular fluid (ICF) are =, some solutes are more concentrated in one of the 2 body compartments than in the other
- this means the body is in a state of chemical disequilibrium

62
Q

Chemical Gradient

A

AKA concentration gradient

- a difference in the concentration of a substance b/t 2 places

63
Q

Chemically Gated Channels

A

channels whose open gate is controlled by binding to a chemical ligand

64
Q

Competitive Inhibitor

A

molecules that bind to the active site of the enzyme, preventing substrate binding

65
Q

Concentration Gradient

A

a difference in the concentration of a substance b/t 2 places

66
Q

Conductor

A

when separated positive & negative charges can move freely toward each other, the material through which they move is called a conductor

67
Q

Cotransporter

A

a protein that moves more than one kind of molecule at one time

68
Q

Depolarized

A

more +

69
Q

Diffusion

A

process of moving solute molecules away from an area of HIGH concentration towards are of LOW concentration

  • “down the concentration gradient”
  • passive (no external energy, just kinetic energy of molecules)
  • process continues until equilibrium is reached
70
Q

Dynamic Steady States

A

A system that is in a steady state remains constant over time, but that constant state requires continual work. ?

71
Q

Electrical Disequilibrium

A

the inside of cells is slightly (-) relative to the ECF

- this ionic imbalance results in a state of electrical disequilibrium

72
Q

Electrical Gradient

A

uneven distribution of electrical change, especially across a membrane

73
Q

Electricity

A

the rate of flow of negative charges of the conductor. ?

74
Q

Electrochemical Disequilibrium

A

N/A

75
Q

Electrochemical Gradient

A

the combined concentration & electrical gradients for an ion

76
Q

Electrodes

A

a conductor that is used to make contact with a nonmetallic part of a circuit. ?

77
Q

Electrogenic

A

producing a change in the electrical potential of a cell. ?

78
Q

Epithelial Transport

A

movement of material from one side of an epithelium to the other

  • utilizes:
  • facilitated diffusion
  • primary active transport
  • secondary active transport
79
Q

Extracellular Fluid (ECF)

A

includes all fluid outside the cells

  • the ECF is 1/3 of the body fluid volume
  • consists of:
  • interstitial fluid (IF)
  • plasma
80
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

is defined as moving a molecule across the cell membrane via a CARRIER PROTEIN, & the transport does NOT require energy other than the concentration gradient

  • does NOT require ATP, or other solutes
  • also sometimes called passive transport
81
Q

Fick’s Law of Diffusion

A

diffusion through a membrane is directly proportional to the surface area & concentration gradient & inversely proportional to the thickness of the membrane & its resistance

82
Q

Fluids

A

both gases & liquids are considered fluids b/c they flow

83
Q

Gated Channels

A

a channel that opens & closes in response to stimuli

84
Q

GLUT Transporters

A

family of facilitated diffusion carriers for glucose & other hexose sugars

85
Q

Ground (Electrical)

A

s a reference point in an electrical circuit from which voltages are measured ?

86
Q

Hexoses

A

a 6-carbon sugar

87
Q

Impermeable

A

not allowing fluid to pass through.

88
Q

Interstitial Fluid

A

which lies b/t the circulatory system & the cells, is 75% of the ECF volume

89
Q

Intracellular Fluid (ICF)

A

is 2/3 of the total body water volume

- material moving into & out of the ICF must cross the cell membrane

90
Q

Ion Channels

A

may be specific for 1 ion or may allow ions of similar size & charge to pass

91
Q

Leak Channels or Pores

A

ion channels that spend most of their time in

92
Q

Lipophobic

A

molecules that cannot diffuse through the phospholipid bilayer

93
Q

Mechanically Gated Channels

A

a channel that opens in response to mechanical stimuli such as pressure & heat

94
Q

Mediated Transport

A

movement across a membrane with the aid of a protein transporter

95
Q

Membrane Enzymes

A

catalyze chemical reaction that take place either on the cell’s external surface or just inside the cell

96
Q

Membrane Receptor Proteins

A

are part of the body’s chemical signaling system

97
Q

Membrane Transporters

A

moves molecules across membranes

98
Q

Molarity (M)

A

solution concentration expressed as moles of solute per liter of solution

99
Q

Mole

A

6.02 x 10^23 atoms, ions, or molecules of a substance

100
Q

Monovalent

A

having a valence of one. ?

101
Q

Mucosal

A

The moist, inner lining of some organs and body cavities (such as the nose, mouth, lungs, and stomach). ?

102
Q

Na+-K+-ATPase

A
  • pumps 2 K+ ions into cell, removes 3 Na+ ions

in order to do this:

  1. hydrolyses ATP
  2. several conformational changes
103
Q

Open Channels

A

channel proteins form an open channel but carrier proteins do NOT

104
Q

Osmolality

A

is concentration expressed as osmoles of solute per kg of water

105
Q

Osmolarity

A

describes only the # of solute molecules in a cell (units of Osm)

106
Q

Osmoles

A

(osmol/L or OsM)

107
Q

Osmometer

A

an instrument for measuring osmolarity of a fluid ?

108
Q

Osmosis

A

is the diffusion of water

109
Q

Osmotic Equilibrium

A

b/c of this free movement of water, the ECF & ICF compartments reach this state

110
Q

Ouabain

A

cardiac glycoside that specifically inhibits the Na+-K+-ATPase ?

111
Q

Paracellular Transport

A

through the junctions b/t adjacent cells

112
Q

Passive Transport

A

AKA facilitated diffusion
- moving a molecule across the cell membrane via a carrier protein, & the transport does not require energy other than the concentration gradient

113
Q

Permeable

A

allowing liquids or gases to pass through it.

114
Q

Pressure Gradient

A

The difference in hydrostatic pressure on either side of a membrane. ?

115
Q

Selectively Permeable

A

cell membranes are selectively permeable, which means that some molecules can cross them but others cannot

116
Q

Serosal Membrane

A

membranes lining closed internal body cavities. ?

117
Q

SGLT (Na+-Glucose Secondary Active Transporter)

A

uses the potential energy stored in the Na+ concentration gradient to move glucose against its concentration gradient

118
Q

Simple Diffusion

A

diffusion across the phospholipid bilayer of a cell

119
Q

Steady States

A

a state or condition of a system or process (as one of the energy states of an atom) that does not change in time

120
Q

Structural Proteins

A

maintain cell shape, akin to a skeleton, and they compose structural elements in connective tissues like cartilage and bone ?

121
Q

Tonicity

A

is a physiological term used to describe a solution & how that solution would affect the cell volume if the cell were placed in the solution & allowed to come to equilibrium

122
Q

Total Body Water

A

body water is the water content of an animal body that is contained in the tissues, the blood, the bones and elsewhere. ?

123
Q

Transepithelial Transport

A

epithelium whose primary function is the movement of solutes & water b/t 2 compartments

124
Q

Transport Maximum (Tm)

A

the maximum transport rate that occurs when all carriers are saturated

125
Q

Transport Proteins

A

moves molecules across membranes

126
Q

Uniport Carriers

A

a membrane transport protein that moves only one kind of molecule

127
Q

Voltage-Gated Ca2+ Channel

A

the route for Ca2+ entry into cells, particularly excitable cells, in response to depolarization. ?

128
Q

Voltage-Gated Channels

A

a gated channel that opens or closes in response to a change in membrane potential

129
Q

Water Channels

A

most cells have water channels made from a protein called aquaporin
- water channels are an example of channel proteins

Human Physiology 1 (32 decks)

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