Lecture 2 Outline Flashcards
What are the properties of molecules that are essential for life?
- Carbohydrates
- Nucleotides, Nucleosides & Nucleic acids
- Lipids
- Proteins
How are proteins molecular tools?
Proteins are the tools of cells:
- proteins are versatile, & carry out many different jobs
- in any given mammalian cell, there are 10 000-15 000 different types of proteins expressed!
Fibrous vs globular proteins
- fibrous proteins are generally insoluble
- globular are usually soluble (functionally, there are 7 categories of soluble protein)
1. enzymes
2. membrane transporters
3. signal molecules
4. receptors
5. binding proteins
6. regulatory proteins
7. immunoglobulins
Definition of Biomolecules
organic molecule that is commonly associated with life (carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, & proteins)
What are examples of Nucleic acids?
- ATP
- adenosine
- GTP
- guanosine
- cAMP
- cGMP
What are the carbohydrates properties?
- general formular of CnH2nOn
- most are hydrophilic (“like” water, water soluble)
- very abundant in nature
- used for structure & energy
- almost all eukaryotic cells can use glucose for energy & can store some form of glucose (monomer or polymer) for energy
- many proteins & lipids are modified by the addition of carbohydrates
List & define the 3 groups of Carbohydrates
- Monosaccharides - are simple sugars
- most common monosaccharides are the builiding blocks of complex carbohydrates & have either 5 carbons, like ribose, or 6 carbons, like glucose - Disaccharides - consist of glucose plus another monosaccharide
- Polysaccharides - are glucose polymers
- all living cells store glucose for energy in the form of a polysaccharide
What are the lipids properties?
generally hydrophobic molecules (or have parts that are hydrophobic)
- contain mostly carbon & hydrogen, few oxygen atoms, nitrogen, phosphorus
diverse group of molecules
What are the lipids roles?
1) Structure of cells
- Waterproof: keep insides in outsides out
- Pliable
2) Energy source
3) Communication (within cells & b/t cells)
What are the 5 types of lipids?
1) Fatty acids
2) Glycerides
3) Phospholipids & sphingolipids
4) Steroids
5) Eicosanoids
What are the protein chains of amino acids?
- proteins are macromolecules
- LINEAR chains of amino acids
- there are 20 amino acids encoded by the universal genetic code
What is the protein R group & amino acid properties?
- there are 20 AA’s encoded by the universal genetic code
- of the 20, 9 are essential: need to consume them
- 11 are non-essential: we can synthesize them
- some AA’s are acidic, basic, polar, non-polar
- “R groups”
What is the structure of proteins?
a short chain of AA is called a peptide longer chains of AA are called proteins - primary structure - secondary structure - tertiary structure - quaternary structure
proteins have complex structures
- determined by the sequence of AA’s that make them up
- this sequence of AA’s is encoded in the genome
What are the 7 functional categories of proteins?
- Enzymes
- Membrane transporters
- Signal molecules
- Receptors
- Binding proteins
- Regulatory proteins
- Immunoglobulins
Protein binding definition
in order for a protein to DO SOMETHING, it must INTERACT WITH OR BIND TO other proteins, molecules or ions
What is the purpose of the ligand for protein binding?
protein binding is specific
- a molecule that binds to a protein binding site is called a LIGAND
- an endogenous ligand is something natural in your body: for ex a hormone or neurotransmitter
- non-endogenous may be a drug or toxin
